STUDresearch · Peptide
Humanin analogs (HNG etc.)
Also known as
HNG · S14G-humanin · S14G-HN · Humanin-G · HN-S14G · sHNG · HNGF6A · HNG-F6A · colivelin · AGA-(C8R)HNG17 · HN analogs · synthetic humanin derivatives · humanin analogues · MAPRGFSCLLLLTGEIDLPVKRRA (HNG sequence)
Community talk. May be wrong. Not medical advice. Not a protocol. Not for human or animal use.
Peptide
Niche talk
Systemic
SubQ
Mitochondrial & metabolic peptides
Systemic — circulating cytoprotective/metabolic MDP-family signal with multi-organ research interest (brain, heart, islets, endothelium, testes, retina).
What people say
Humanin analogs include HNG, HNGF6A and more distant derivatives such as colivelin. They are not interchangeable with native Humanin, MOTS-c, SS-31 or one another, and exogenous human efficacy remains unestablished.
Doses people talk about
Rows are descriptive snapshots from sparse reports. Native Humanin, HNG and other analogs must not share dose assumptions, and animal mg/kg experiments are not human schedules.
How it may feel
Actual reports are sparse and contradictory: possible anxiety or sleep changes, no noticeable effect, and a long post-stop impression all appear, but stacks, uncertain identity, and one same-author contradiction prevent clean attribution.
Single native-Humanin report500 mcg once
Possible anxiety change was explicitly suspected to be placebo.
One-week report2 mg every other day
One user linked sleep-through-night to the second exposure; observation lasted one week.
Combined-dose report5 mg Humanin plus 5 mg MOTS-c
Initial null report, later possible sleep change with Epitalon also used, and contradictory same-author exposure history.
Weekly combined report5 mg Humanin weekly with MOTS-c
Identity, product and Humanin-specific contribution were not verified.
Half-life & effect duration
- Half-life in the body
- HNG · abdominal injection · miceAbout 30 minutes
- HNG · abdominal injection · ratsOver 4 hours
- HNGF6A comparisonLonger persistence in the mouse study; no single numeric estimate here
- Felt duration people report
- Early accountsPossible anxiety change, sleep changes within a week, or no effect
- Sequential-course accountImpressions persisted 2 months after stopping several peptides
Cycles people discuss
Existing notes describe 4–16-week and longer community blocks, daily or multi-weekly schedules, and precautionary time off. No human comparison validates one cycle or proves desensitization.
Timing
Morning and bedtime camps coexist, often tied to metabolic versus cognitive goals. There is no controlled clock-time comparison supporting either preference, and analog-specific charts are not interchangeable.
Stacks
MDP pair (most discussed): HNG/analogs + MOTS-c — longevity/mito stack; community charts often pair ~0.5–1 mg/day HNG with MOTS-c in its own common 5–10 mg/week-class bands (MOTS-c dosing is independent — do not merge vials).
Watch for
Human AE data gap: No solid systematic adverse-event tables for gray-market HNG longevity use; no large interventional safety database.
Tap a line to jump into the full notes. Research only — may be wrong.
Timing context & sources
Half-life in the body
In primary rodent work, IP HNG had an apparent circulating half-life of about 30 minutes in wild-type male mice, while apparent half-life exceeded 4 hours in male rats.
The study separately tested HNG and HNGF6A in wild-type and IGFBP-3-knockout mice; HNGF6A and knockout-mouse HNG persisted longer. The male-rat IP HNG dose is internally inconsistent: 4 mg/kg in figure captions and 5 mg/kg in Methods and Discussion; HNG was detected in plasma and liver but not brain or heart.
Animal, intraperitoneal, analog-specific PK. It is not native-Humanin human PK, not a subcutaneous estimate, and not evidence for how long community users feel an effect.
- Chin et al. — Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of humanin and its analogues in male rodents (opens in a new tab)PubMed abstract and indexed full-text extract: intraperitoneal HNG/HNGF6A in male wild-type and IGFBP-3-knockout mice; HNG half-life in wild-type mice was about 30 minutes, while HNGF6A and HNG in knockout mice persisted longer. The male Sprague-Dawley rat IP HNG dose is reported as 4 mg/kg in Figures 5–6 captions and 5 mg/kg in Methods and Discussion; apparent half-life exceeded 4 hours, with plasma and liver detection but no brain or heart detection at the tested times.Rodent intraperitoneal PK of specific analogs, not native-humanin therapeutic PK in humans and not subcutaneous community products. The direct PMC page presented a browser-check screen, so review used PubMed plus its indexed article content and figures.
Felt duration people report
No reproducible Humanin-analog felt-duration window was established.
Reports include a one-exposure possible anxiety change, a one-week sleep observation, null short- and medium-term effects, and a two-month post-stop impression after sequential SS-31, MOTS-c and Humanin.
Tiny anonymous sample, unverified HN/HNG identity, contradictory same-author history, concurrent or sequential peptides, no blinding, and recalled rather than measured cycles. Post-stop experience cannot be equated with plasma persistence.
- Reddit r/Peptides — MOTS-c, Humanin, Ipamorelin and Mod-GRF stack discussion (opens in a new tab)Post and same-author replies: a few combined 5 mg Humanin plus 5 mg MOTS-c doses were initially described as producing no difference, followed by possible sleep change while 1 mg nightly Epitalon was also used; a later comment by the same author said the stored Humanin had never been tried. Another commenter reported 2 mg every other day for one week and sleeping through the night after the second exposure.Sparse, anonymous, unverified products and a combined stack. The same-author chronology is internally contradictory, and Epitalon/MOTS-c co-use prevents isolating Humanin. The separate 2 mg report has only one week of observation.
- Reddit r/Peptides — Humanin stability and early experience discussion (opens in a new tab)Post and visible replies: the OP specified native Humanin rather than HNG and described one 500 mcg exposure with possible anxiety reduction while explicitly suspecting placebo. Another commenter reported 5 mg Humanin weekly with MOTS-c. A 25–50 mcg figure was admitted to have been copied from another post.Anonymous, unverified products with uncertain storage and molecule identity. One-exposure impressions and copied numbers do not establish efficacy, stability, common dosing, or felt duration. Preparation details are intentionally not reproduced.
- Reddit r/Peptides — Humanin experiences (opens in a new tab)Visible replies: one user reported no perceptible short- or medium-term effects and said long-term effects were unknown; another interested participant had not used it and described dose, timing and duration as complete unknowns.Very small anonymous discussion, unverified identity and no controlled outcomes. Statements by non-users are evidence of uncertainty, not exposure evidence.
- Reddit r/PeptideForum — SS-31 and anti-aging sequence discussion (opens in a new tab)Visible first-person reply describing sequential SS-31, then MOTS-c, then Humanin use and feeling locked in, with perceived benefit still present about two months after stopping. The same author could not recall the exact cycle and said their usual cycles were six to eight weeks.Anonymous retrospective sequence with unverified products and no washout between agents. The long post-stop impression cannot be assigned to Humanin, distinguished from the prior peptides, or interpreted as plasma persistence.
What people say
- User feel (thin): Sparse logs of subtle energy, “resilience,” or mild clarity — thinner and more confounded than MOTS-c or SS-31 communities. Dramatic same-day “feel” is not the expected narrative. anecdote
- Stack credit: Often credited inside multi-MDP / mito stacks (HNG + MOTS-c ± SS-31 ± NAD axis) where isolating one analog’s contribution is impossible. forum
- Potency (classic claim): HNG (Ser14→Gly) active at nanomolar (and often lower) ranges in classic cell neuroprotection assays where native HN needs much higher concentrations — the ~1000× figure is the bro/literature shorthand. lab
- AD / plaque models: HNG regimens in APP/PS1 and related mice (example ADDF-cited: ~0.1 μg IP every other day × ~3 months from symptomatic age; also 50–100 μg/kg IP) reduced Aβ plaque burden, glial activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNFα), and improved spatial memory (Morris water maze) in published work. animal
- Autophagy / brain insulin: HNG improved brain insulin sensitivity and enhanced autophagic flux talk in symptomatic APP/PS1 mice in some papers. animal
- Aging / healthspan: Midlife or aged-mouse HNG (often cited: ~4 mg/kg IP biweekly for months) improved some cognitive/motor and metabolic-healthspan parameters; late-life treatment improved healthspan measures more clearly than maximum lifespan in key Yen et al.–class aging work. animal
- Centenarian / biomarker lore: Circulating humanin declines with age in mice, monkeys, and humans in multiple reports; centenarian offspring sometimes show higher circulating levels than controls — observational longevity signal, not proof exogenous HNG extends human lifespan. trial
- Stroke / ischemia models: HNG reduced infarct volume and inflammatory cytokines in MCAO-type stroke models; timing of dose relative to insult is critical in the literature. Cardiac ischemia and myocardial-fibrosis models also show protection/structure signals with chronic HNG. animal
- Metabolic / insulin: HNG and especially HNGF6A improve insulin-action and glucose endpoints in animals; continuous IV HNGF6A during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp increased GIR, peripheral glucose uptake, and suppressed hepatic glucose production; single IV HNGF6A lowered glucose in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. animal
- Beta-cell / GSIS: HNGF6A framed as increasing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and mitochondrial metabolism/ATP in cultured β cells. lab
- Heart / vessels: Ischemia-reperfusion and atherosclerosis-progression models (endothelial function, oxidative stress, plaque apoptosis) appear repeatedly in reviews for HNG / HNGF6A. animal
- Colivelin neuroprotection: Hybrid peptide active at fM–pM ranges in some assays; AD models used e.g. intranasal 1 nmol/day × 3 weeks, 5 nmol every other day × 3 weeks, or 20 μg/day IP short courses with memory and inflammation signals; ALS SOD1G93A model used ICV colivelin with delayed onset/survival signals. animal
- Cell viability / mito metrics: Neurons and other cell types report better survival, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ROS handling under stress with HNG. lab
- Amyloid chaperone talk: Humanin/analogs discussed as limiting toxic oligomer growth / aggregation without necessarily changing APP processing. lab
- Germ cells / chemo models: HNG protected male germ cells and leukocytes from cyclophosphamide while enhancing chemo-induced suppression of metastases in mouse work (Lue et al. 2015 class); similar “protect normal / don’t blunt cancer kill” framing for temozolomide and bortezomib models. animal
Doses people talk about
- Amounts actually found in forum accounts: 500 mcg native Humanin once; 2 mg every other day for one week; 5 mg Humanin with 5 mg MOTS-c in combined-dose logs; and 5 mg weekly with MOTS-c. These sparse reports do not establish a dominant dose. forum
- Identity and evidence boundary: The 500 mcg poster explicitly said native Humanin, while other posts often did not verify HN versus HNG. A copied 25–50 mcg figure and contradictory exposure history are retained as uncertainty, not dosing evidence. forum
- Common clinic-adjacent daily band: ~250 mcg–1 mg SC daily is repeatedly described as the “most common practice range” in telehealth/compounding-style articles; many users settle near ~1 mg/day after a lower first week. forum
- Higher daily / advanced charts: ~1–2 mg SC daily (sometimes framed as “advanced optimization”) on 8–12 week cycles; a minority of clinic writeups mention ~2–5 mg given 2–3× weekly instead of daily low dose. forum
- Alternate intermittent camp: ~1–5 mg HNG SC (or experimental intranasal) 2–5× per week appears in some evidence-review and forum writeups — short plasma half-life is used to justify multi-weekly rather than monthly depot logic. forum
- Weekly total math examples (community, not canon): Daily 0.5 mg ≈ 3.5 mg/week; daily 1 mg ≈ 7 mg/week; 2 mg daily ≈ 14 mg/week; intermittent 2–5 mg × 2–3×/week can land in a similar multi-mg weekly ballpark. Charts conflict — no head-to-head winner. forum
- Titration lore: Common pattern: Week 1 at ~0.5 mg daily, then advance toward 1–2 mg if well tolerated; “most settle at 1 mg daily” is a recurring protocol-page claim. forum
- Morning vs bedtime: Morning SC is the most common chart default; some cognitive-use writeups prefer bedtime on theoretical overnight-process grounds. No controlled timing comparison. Consistency > clock hour. forum
- Native HN vs HNG dose trap: Do not convert native-HN charts to HNG by simple arithmetic with the ~1000× potency claim — community use is almost entirely HNG, and published animal mg/kg were often already HNG. Wrong-vial identity is a larger practical risk than fine-tuning mcg. forum
- Route note: Community default = SC abdomen/thigh/upper arm with site rotation. IP and ICV dominate animal papers and are not community defaults. Intranasal appears for colivelin and some HNG neuro writeups as experimental. Oral is not a mature standardized path (peptide degradation). forum
- Purity / labeled-mg risk: Gray-market mcg/mg may not match delivered peptide; HNG cysteine-related oxidation/dimerization and stability issues are discussed in handling notes. Third-party testing talk is hygiene, not a guarantee. forum
- HNGF6A: Discussed mainly in metabolic/PK literature (non-IGFBP-3 binding, longer clearance narrative); gray-market community dose charts are far thinner than for HNG — do not paste HNG mg onto HNGF6A without source-specific guidance. trial
- Colivelin: Preclinical doses are nmol / μg scale (e.g. 1 nmol/day IN, 5 nmol every other day IN, 20 μg/day IP, 10 pmol–1 nmol ICV in ALS models, 100–200 μg/kg IP in sepsis models) — completely different from multi-mg HNG community charts. Not a drop-in HNG substitute. animal
- Animal doses ≠ human schedules (HNG examples): ADDF-cited ranges include ~0.1 μg IP EOD × months (AD mice), 50–100 μg/kg IP, ~4 mg/kg IP biweekly for 6–14 months (aging/heart), and other papers using 10 mg/kg BW IP or multi-mg/kg daily × weeks — species, route, and endpoint differ; allometric “human equivalent dose” math is speculative and contested in forums. animal
- Framing: All figures below are research/community/clinic-adjacent discussion ranges only — not medical advice, not prescriptions, not trial-validated human standards for HNG or any analog. No human dose-finding RCT exists. forum
How it may feel
- Immediate reports are sparse: A native-Humanin poster described possible anxiety reduction after one 500 mcg exposure while suspecting placebo; another HNG/Humanin discussion reported no perceptible short-term effect. forum
- First week: One person reported sleeping through the night after the second 2 mg every-other-day exposure; a stacked 5 mg Humanin plus 5 mg MOTS-c account first reported no difference and later contradicted whether Humanin had been tried. forum
- Attribution problem: Reports combine Humanin or HNG with MOTS-c, Epitalon, SS-31, or sequential mitochondrial-peptide use. Clarity, sleep, energy, or resilience cannot be isolated to a Humanin analog from these accounts. forum
- Beyond the first weeks: One user reported no perceptible short- or medium-term effect. A sequential SS-31→MOTS-c→Humanin user recalled benefit about two months after stopping but could not recall the exact cycle; that is not a Humanin clearance measure. forum
- Weeks 4–8: Gradual well-being / healthspan talk rather than injury-style repair milestones; clinic-adjacent writeups often reassess metabolic labs or cognitive goals around 8–12 weeks. forum
- Weeks 8–12: Typical community cycle end for “did anything measurable move?” reviews; many longevity users treat this as one block, not a one-shot miracle. forum
- Months 2–3+: Public logs stay thin; continuous multi-month use appears more in healthspan talk than in dense training-log culture. forum
- No change by ~4–6 weeks: Community advice usually rechecks analog identity (HN vs HNG), purity, sleep/stress, and stack noise — not automatic multi-fold dose jumps. forum
Cycles people discuss
- Common longevity block: ~8–12 weeks on is the most repeated community/protocol-page cycle length for HNG. forum
- Shorter blocks: ~4–8 weeks or ~6–8 weeks on appear when users are testing subjective response or cost-limiting. forum
- Time off: ~4–8 weeks off after an 8–12 week on-block is a common precautionary pattern; some clinic writeups use 12 weeks on / 4–8 weeks off. forum
- Continuous multi-month: Some healthspan talk runs multi-month or ~6-month continuous daily dosing; continuous-use human safety is not established — cycling is precautionary culture, not proven receptor-desensitization science. forum
- 12–16 week evaluation window: Clinic-adjacent articles often frame an initial trial of ~12–16 weeks with baseline and follow-up endpoints before deciding continue vs stop. forum
- Schedule style: Daily SC vs multi-times-weekly higher boluses both appear; choice follows the chart the user/clinic picked, not head-to-head human data. Short plasma half-life is the usual rationale against sparse monthly dosing. forum
- Re-runs: Seasonal or annual restarts described in thin threads; long-term multi-year evidence for gray-market HNG is sparse. forum
- Stack sequencing: Common lore introduces each mito peptide alone for days–weeks before combining (HNG + MOTS-c ± SS-31) so site reactions and subjective effects can be attributed. forum
- Stop rules discussed: No measurable change after a full block, unacceptable sides, pregnancy, new serious illness, or active-malignancy concerns in anti-apoptotic framing — taper not generally claimed as required. forum
Timing
- Why frequent dosing: Short plasma life → community favors daily or multi-weekly SC, not monthly depot logic. forum
- Clock time: Morning metabolic vs bedtime cognitive preferences appear; no controlled comparison of outcomes by clock hour. forum
- Male-mouse HNG PK: After intraperitoneal HNG, apparent circulating half-life in wild-type mice was about 30 minutes; HNGF6A and HNG in IGFBP-3-knockout mice persisted longer. animal
- Male-rat HNG PK: In this intraperitoneal HNG experiment, the paper reports the dose inconsistently: 4 mg/kg in figure captions and 5 mg/kg in Methods and Discussion. Apparent half-life exceeded 4 hours; plasma and liver were detected, while brain and heart were not. This is not a human or SC estimate. animal
- IGFBP-3 binding and clearance: HNG binds IGFBP-3; this interaction raises peak levels but speeds clearance in PK studies. HNG reduced plasma IGFBP-3 toward ~80% of baseline by ~3 h in cited work. trial
- HNGF6A PK angle: F6A abolishes IGFBP-3 binding → superior stability/PK narrative and longer half-life relative to HNG in WT mice; HNG in IGFBP-3 knockout mice also shows longer half-life than HNG in WT. trial
- Tissue vs plasma hypothesis: Animal benefits with intermittent (e.g. biweekly) dosing are often explained as tissue/downstream signaling outlasting plasma half-life — hypothesis-level, not human tissue PK. trial
- Downstream pathways: JAK2/STAT3, ERK/Akt, Bax blockade, and metabolic (insulin/GIR) effects may persist beyond plasma detection in model systems; user “feel” timelines are not mapped to measured tissue exposure. trial
- BBB / CNS access: Peripheral SC access to deep CNS targets is uncertain; many AD/stroke papers used IP, ICV, intrahippocampal, or intranasal routes. Community SC neuro goals rest on partial peripheral-to-central hope, not proven human CNS PK. trial
More on what it is
- Label trap: Vendor vials sold as “Humanin” are often actually HNG; HN vs HNG vs HNGF6A vs colivelin mix-ups change effective potency by orders of magnitude. Always match the chart to the exact analog on the COA/label. forum
- What they are: Synthetic derivatives of humanin (the MT-RNR2-encoded mitochondrial-derived peptide). Flagship research and community analog is HNG (S14G-humanin: Ser14→Gly; sequence often MAPRGFSCLLLLTGEIDLPVKRRA). Related but non-interchangeable names: HNGF6A (S14G + F6A), colivelin (ADNF–humanin hybrid), AGA-(C8R)HNG17, and various single-residue research mutants. trial
- Why HNG dominates: Classic neuroprotection assays repeatedly describe HNG as ~1000× more potent than native humanin at the heterotrimeric humanin receptor / cell-survival endpoints. Most modern preclinical work and essentially all community “humanin” protocols use HNG, not native HN. trial
- Discovery lineage: Native humanin was identified ~2001 (Hashimoto / Nishimoto lab) from relatively spared occipital cortex of an Alzheimer’s patient as a factor rescuing neurons from Aβ and familial-AD gene insults; potent analogs were engineered soon after via systematic residue swaps. trial
- Mechanism (simplified): Intracellular anti-apoptosis (Bax / Bid-family partners; blocks mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization talk); extracellular survival via CNTFRα–WSX-1–gp130 → JAK2/STAT3 (plus ERK/Akt/JNK context); FPRL1/FPR2; IGFBP-3 binding for clearance and survival modulation. Colivelin is also framed as a potent STAT3 activator. trial
- Evidence bar: Dense cell and animal literature (AD models, aging healthspan, ischemia, metabolic clamps, germ-cell chemo protection). Human data for exogenous HNG/analogs are essentially absent — no large modern RCTs, no approved aging/dementia indication, no trial-validated human dose. trial
- Not the same as: Native humanin (weaker per-mg narrative), MOTS-c (different MDP, exercise-mimetic/AMPK framing), SS-31/elamipretide (cardiolipin tetrapeptide), SHLP family peptides, or colivelin vs HNG (different potency scale and structure — do not share dose charts). trial
Stacks
- MDP pair (most discussed): HNG/analogs + MOTS-c — longevity/mito stack; community charts often pair ~0.5–1 mg/day HNG with MOTS-c in its own common 5–10 mg/week-class bands (MOTS-c dosing is independent — do not merge vials). forum
- Mito triad: HNG + MOTS-c + SS-31 (elamipretide-class) — “protect / signal / membrane” lore; introduce one agent at a time when possible. forum
- SS-31 adjacency: Often next to SS-31 talk as complementary (cytoprotection/MDP vs cardiolipin membrane stabilization) rather than redundant. forum
- NAD axis: Sometimes with NMN, NR, or clinic NAD+ — heavily confounded multi-agent longevity stacks. forum
- FOXO4-DRI / senolytic adjacency: Occasional vendor-chart pairing (cytoprotection + senolytic narrative) — theoretical and untested as a combination. forum
- GLP-1 co-use talk: Mechanisms differ; no published combination trials; metabolic monitoring lore if insulin sensitivity narratives overlap. forum
- Label mix-ups inside stacks: Switching “humanin” vs “HNG” mid-stack without ID checks muddies logs and can massively change effective exposure. forum
- Lifestyle confounders: Sleep, progressive training, protein intake, and metabolic habits often share credit with any claimed HNG effect. forum
- Intro sequencing: Community hygiene — run each peptide alone briefly before combining to attribute site reactions and subjective changes. forum
- Epitalon / multi-pathway longevity: Appears on some protocol tables alongside HNG for “healthspan cocktail” framing without interaction data. forum
Storage notes
- No mix instructions here: STUDresearch does not list reconstitution, diluent volumes, or syringe unit charts. People reconstitute many different ways and vial labels differ — that content creates more confusion than clarity. forum
- Storage (general talk only): Unopened research products are usually kept cool, dry, and away from light per the seller label. Anything after first use is product-specific — follow the label, not a universal forum SOP. forum
Watch for
- Injection site: Mild redness, sting, irritation, or lump — technique and site rotation matter; same class of local issues as other SC research peptides. forum
- Generally well-tolerated claim: Community and animal writeups often say HNG at common chart doses is well tolerated; this is not a substitute for human AE trial tables. forum
- Human AE data gap: No solid systematic adverse-event tables for gray-market HNG longevity use; no large interventional safety database. forum
- Nonspecific logs: Headache, mild fatigue, mild GI — often multi-stack confounded when reported. anecdote
- Metabolic / glucose: Enhanced insulin-sensitivity narrative → some community notes advise glucose awareness in people with diabetes or on glucose-lowering drugs; not a mapped interaction monograph. forum
- Source / identity risk: Mislabel (HN vs HNG vs HNGF6A vs colivelin), under/over-filled vials, contamination, and wrong mg are structural gray-market risks; ~1000× HNG potency narrative means wrong ID can massively change effective dose. forum
- Pregnancy / lactation: No safety data; community protocols exclude these populations. forum
- Drug interactions: No systematic interaction tables from forum charts; stack with GLP-1s, insulin, or other metabolic agents is unstudied in RCTs. forum
- Sport / status: Research chemical / not approved as an aging or dementia drug; athletes should treat experimental peptides as high anti-doping and regulatory risk. forum
- IGF / growth-axis talk: HNG can lower IGFBP-3 and IGF-1 in animal PK windows; theoretical growth-axis and cell-survival implications are discussed in specialist circles more than in casual forums. trial
- Sex / context dependence: ADDF-style reviews note effects can be context- and possibly sex-dependent; endogenous humanin is not automatically “safe at any exogenous dose.” trial
- Stability risk: Oxidized/dimerized product after poor storage may reduce activity or change impurity profile — chemical risk separate from dose math. trial
- Research-only framing: Labeled research products in many jurisdictions; not intended as approved therapeutics for self-experimentation. forum
Evidence mix
Mostly community / anecdote tags
Full: every bullet (trial + community). Use Scan for a faster bro-science read.