1 Kings 14:21–24, King James Version
Italic words were supplied in the English translation for clarity.
1 Kings 14:21–24
Rehoboam and Judah receive a negative evaluation
Judah is evaluated, not only Israel
Rehoboam son of Solomon reigns in Judah. He is forty and one years old when he begins, and he reigns seventeen years in Jerusalem, the city the LORD chose out of all the tribes to put his name there. His mother's name is Naamah an Ammonitess. The southern court is not invisible while Jeroboam's house is judged.
Judah does evil in the LORD's sight. They provoke him to jealousy with their sins which they have committed, above all that their fathers did. The book will not let Judah treat northern calves as the only story.
High places, pillars, groves, and a loaded KJV word
They also built high places, images, and groves on every high hill and under every green tree. The KJV then says there were sodomites in the land, and they did according to all the abominations of the nations which the LORD cast out before the children of Israel.
The English word renders a disputed Hebrew term for cultic personnel, qadesh. It is not a label for gay people, not a modern identity category, and not permission for harassment or slurs. Judah's indictment is covenant worship gone wrong in this land story. It does not authorize anti-LGBTQ speech, ethnic stigma, or treating living neighbors as those nations.
How this should shape us
If you teach this passage, name the disputed term and refuse the slur. Judah's worship can be judged without targeting sexual minorities, and a chosen city does not make a southern court innocent.
Teach it back
Explain 1 Kings 14:21–24 in your own words: include the movement “Rehoboam and Judah receive a negative evaluation,” one source-supported observation, one limit, and one harm the unit does not authorize.
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Go deeper
The explanation above is meant to stand on its own. Open these notes only if you want language, history, disagreements, or source locations.
Where careful interpreters disagreeThe strongest options and their difficulties
Where does uncertainty remain?
Best judgment: The received Hebrew narrative and its KJV presentation are clear enough to follow this movement, while precise source history, chronology, motives, textual development, and external correlation require graded confidence rather than invented certainty.
How certain? probableResearch trail and exact locationsThe source record behind this section
Supports: Exact displayed KJV wording, paragraph metadata, supplied-word markup, and complete verse coverage.
1 Kings 14:21–24, pinned eng-kjv2006 USFM corpus
Supports: Hebrew wording and morphology used for lexical, grammatical, name, clause, and older-English checks; this is not a critical apparatus or historical proof.
Open Scriptures MorphHB v.2.2, commit 6a5db284c715c18b239422e57bb89684e6a19f00, wlc/1Kgs.xml, Masoretic words and morphology for 14:21–24
Supports: Only printed unit-level translation, lexical, grammatical, textual, historical, and verse-numbering notes; silence is not evidence.
NET Bible 1 Kings PDF, printed pp. 612–614, translation and translator notes for 14:21–24
Supports: Inspected full-text literary, compositional, historical, and theological orientation used as one synthesis rather than consensus.
Dietrich, '1 and 2 Kings,' Oxford Bible Commentary (2001), printed pp. 242–243, exposition covering 1 Kings 14:21–24
Supports: Publisher-visible framing of the Masoretic, Greek, and other textual witnesses; the full chapter was not inspected.
Tekoniemi, 'Textual History,' Oxford Handbook of the Books of Kings (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 55–66
Supports: Only publisher-visible discussion of links with Deuteronomy and Deuteronomistic History.
Müller, 'Kings, Deuteronomy, and Deuteronomistic History,' Oxford Handbook (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 83–97
Supports: Only publisher-visible authorship, dating, source, and redaction framing; detailed proposals remain alternatives.
Römer, 'Theories of the Composition of the Books of Kings,' Oxford Handbook (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 98–122
Supports: Abstract-level current framing of Solomon and Jeroboam traditions, history, and literary development.
Robker, 'Solomon and Jeroboam I,' Oxford Handbook (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 139–155
Supports: Abstract-level control for centralization, royal cult policy, and historical development without modern religious-persecution application.
Richelle, 'Cult Centralization,' Oxford Handbook (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 311–325
Supports: Primary Egyptian royal-monument evidence for a regional campaign; damaged names and royal ideology prevent easy harmonization with 1 Kings 14.
Epigraphic Survey, Reliefs and Inscriptions at Karnak III: The Bubastite Portal, OIP 74, complete plates and commentary, especially introduction and Shoshenq I campaign list
Sources for This Section
These records identify the source, the claim it supports, and the exact location used. A source remains evidence to evaluate; it does not replace the biblical text.
Biblical text
King James (Authorized) Version — eng-kjv2006
eBible.org and CrossWire Bible Society
USFM archive eng-kjv2006_usfm.zip; source files dated 2026-08-19; downloaded 2026-08-24; archive SHA-256 aec1b3b26c622fd3d963d2bbac963016b9513246ffbfa20da00bb100372ea007; normalized corpus SHA-256 09aef51d90488aa7b9722b3fd9a93f4b25f6bf2064c5fd798fb39673c300ddf2.
Supports: Exact displayed KJV wording, paragraph metadata, supplied-word markup, and complete verse coverage.
Exact location: 1 Kings 14:21–24, pinned eng-kjv2006 USFM corpus
Open source ↗hebrew text and morphology
Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible: 1 Kings
Open Scriptures
Open Scriptures, release 2.2
Supports: Hebrew wording and morphology used for lexical, grammatical, name, clause, and older-English checks; this is not a critical apparatus or historical proof.
Exact location: Open Scriptures MorphHB v.2.2, commit 6a5db284c715c18b239422e57bb89684e6a19f00, wlc/1Kgs.xml, Masoretic words and morphology for 14:21–24
Open source ↗translation and translator notes
NET Bible: 1 Kings with translators' notes
Biblical Studies Press
Biblical Studies Press, 2006
Supports: Only printed unit-level translation, lexical, grammatical, textual, historical, and verse-numbering notes; silence is not evidence.
Exact location: NET Bible 1 Kings PDF, printed pp. 612–614, translation and translator notes for 14:21–24
Open source ↗scholarly commentary chapter
1 and 2 Kings
Walter Dietrich
The Oxford Bible Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2001
Supports: Inspected full-text literary, compositional, historical, and theological orientation used as one synthesis rather than consensus.
Exact location: Dietrich, '1 and 2 Kings,' Oxford Bible Commentary (2001), printed pp. 242–243, exposition covering 1 Kings 14:21–24
Open source ↗scholarly handbook chapter abstract and metadata
Textual History
Timo Tekoniemi
The Oxford Handbook of the Books of Kings, Oxford University Press, 2024
Supports: Publisher-visible framing of the Masoretic, Greek, and other textual witnesses; the full chapter was not inspected.
Exact location: Tekoniemi, 'Textual History,' Oxford Handbook of the Books of Kings (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 55–66
Open source ↗scholarly handbook chapter abstract and metadata
Kings, Deuteronomy, and Deuteronomistic History
Reinhard Muller
The Oxford Handbook of the Books of Kings, Oxford University Press, 2024
Supports: Only publisher-visible discussion of links with Deuteronomy and Deuteronomistic History.
Exact location: Müller, 'Kings, Deuteronomy, and Deuteronomistic History,' Oxford Handbook (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 83–97
Open source ↗scholarly handbook chapter abstract and metadata
Theories of the Composition of the Books of Kings
Thomas Romer
The Oxford Handbook of the Books of Kings, Oxford University Press, 2024
Supports: Only publisher-visible authorship, dating, source, and redaction framing; detailed proposals remain alternatives.
Exact location: Römer, 'Theories of the Composition of the Books of Kings,' Oxford Handbook (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 98–122
Open source ↗scholarly handbook chapter abstract and metadata
Solomon and Jeroboam I
Jonathan Miles Robker
The Oxford Handbook of the Books of Kings, Oxford University Press, 2024
Supports: Abstract-level current framing of Solomon and Jeroboam traditions, history, and literary development.
Exact location: Robker, 'Solomon and Jeroboam I,' Oxford Handbook (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 139–155
Open source ↗scholarly handbook chapter abstract and metadata
Cult Centralization
Matthieu Richelle
The Oxford Handbook of the Books of Kings, Oxford University Press, 2024
Supports: Abstract-level control for centralization, royal cult policy, and historical development without modern religious-persecution application.
Exact location: Richelle, 'Cult Centralization,' Oxford Handbook (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 311–325
Open source ↗primary egyptian royal monument critical publication
Reliefs and Inscriptions at Karnak III: The Bubastite Portal
The Epigraphic Survey; monument of Shoshenq I
Oriental Institute Publications 74, University of Chicago, 1954; monument tenth century BCE
Supports: Primary Egyptian royal-monument evidence for a regional campaign; damaged names and royal ideology prevent easy harmonization with 1 Kings 14.
Exact location: Epigraphic Survey, Reliefs and Inscriptions at Karnak III: The Bubastite Portal, OIP 74, complete plates and commentary, especially introduction and Shoshenq I campaign list
Open source ↗