Read the passage and its setting
1 Kings 11:23–11:25, King James Version
Italic words were supplied in the English translation for clarity.
1 Kings 11:23–11:25
Rezon rules Damascus and opposes Israel
The Main Point
Introduces Rezon, a fugitive from Hadadezer, as another divinely raised adversary; summarizes Rezon's persistent hostility and Hadad's harm during Solomon's reign.
What Is Happening Here?
Introduces Rezon, a fugitive from Hadadezer, as another divinely raised adversary; summarizes Rezon's persistent hostility and Hadad's harm during Solomon's reign.
What Came Before—and What Comes Next?
1 Kings 11:14–11:22 has just shown: Hadad survives Edomite slaughter and returns as an adversary.
1 Kings 11:26–11:40 next develops: Jeroboam rises and receives Ahijah's torn-garment oracle.
Follow the Kingdom as It Divides
See why this section appears here and how the author's scene leads to its meaning.
Why Is This Passage Here?
Rezon rules Damascus and opposes Israel advances the received sequence by joining its own speakers, actions, affected people, and outcome to what precedes and follows.
Follow the Scene
Introduces Rezon, a fugitive from Hadadezer, as another divinely raised adversary
Summarizes Rezon's persistent hostility and Hadad's harm during Solomon's reign
What Is the Author Saying?
Why This Interpretation Fits
Movement 1
Introduces Rezon, a fugitive from Hadadezer, as another divinely raised adversary
Movement 2
Summarizes Rezon's persistent hostility and Hadad's harm during Solomon's reign
Understand the Meaning and Its Boundaries
Clarify the words that matter and keep the conclusion no broader than the passage allows.
Words That Matter
behold
הִנֵּה · hinneh
The KJV attention marker often signals a narrated turn; it does not independently prove the event or interpretation attached to it.
What the Passage Is Not Saying
Reading 1 Kings 11:23–11:25 as a complete unit rules out this misuse:
Solomon's responsibility does not permit making foreign women or foreign peoples targets of misogyny, xenophobia, ethnic purity, or modern enemy mapping.
Context check: Introduces Rezon, a fugitive from Hadadezer, as another divinely raised adversary; summarizes Rezon's persistent hostility and Hadad's harm during Solomon's reign. The unit asks readers to distinguish narrated action, character speech, narrator evaluation, theological interpretation, historical reconstruction, and responsible modern application.
What Remains True Today
Public power, worship, wisdom, judgment, mercy, and human cost must be read together in 1 Kings 11:23–11:25; no actor's success erases responsibility or affected people.
Respond and Remember
Let the meaning shape life carefully, then practice explaining the section in context.
How This Should Shape Us
Why these applications follow
Introduces Rezon, a fugitive from Hadadezer, as another divinely raised adversary; summarizes Rezon's persistent hostility and Hadad's harm during Solomon's reign.
Introduces Rezon, a fugitive from Hadadezer, as another divinely raised adversary; summarizes Rezon's persistent hostility and Hadad's harm during Solomon's reign. The unit asks readers to distinguish narrated action, character speech, narrator evaluation, theological interpretation, historical reconstruction, and responsible modern application.
Public power, worship, wisdom, judgment, mercy, and human cost must be read together in 1 Kings 11:23–11:25; no actor's success erases responsibility or affected people.
How should this shape responsible practice?
For an analogous decision, identify the conduct described in 1 Kings 11:23–11:25, the people who bear its cost, what the sources establish, what remains uncertain, and which safeguards prevent harm.
A Concrete Example
Before using 1 Kings 11:23–11:25 in a leadership, worship, conflict, family, or public-policy decision, record the exact conduct, source limits, affected people, and the safeguard stated in the unit.
Teach It Back
Explain 1 Kings 11:23–11:25 in your own words: include the movement “Rezon rules Damascus and opposes Israel,” one source-supported observation, one limit, and one harm the unit does not authorize.
Your explanation stays in this browser. It is not sent or saved.
Go Deeper
The main explanation above stands on its own. Open these optional sections for fuller language, history, disagreements, and source locations.
Read it sentence by sentenceEach line inside the larger movement
Observed movement 1
Introduces Rezon, a fugitive from Hadadezer, as another divinely raised adversary
Observed movement 2
Summarizes Rezon's persistent hostility and Hadad's harm during Solomon's reign
Original-language wording and grammarTechnical detail appears only where it helps
behold
The KJV attention marker often signals a narrated turn; it does not independently prove the event or interpretation attached to it.
How certain? probableWhat the first readers would have understoodRelevant history and culture
Narrative, history, and evidence
Rezon rules Damascus and opposes Israel belongs to an ancient royal and prophetic account. Literary claims, inscriptions, archaeology, chronology, speeches, motives, miracles, and theological causation carry different kinds of evidence and must not be collapsed.
How certain? probableWhy translations sometimes differMaterial translation choices
KJV wording: behold
The KJV attention marker often signals a narrated turn; it does not independently prove the event or interpretation attached to it. The pinned wording remains unchanged.
How certain? probableEarlier Scripture and inherited backgroundSupported quotations, allusions, and inherited ideas
Jewish scriptural horizon
Deuteronomy, Samuel, the complete Kings narrative, prophetic traditions, and later Jewish Scripture provide the nearest context; 1 Kings belongs to Israel's own remembered and interpreted history.
How certain? strongHow this connects with the rest of ScriptureThe passage's own meaning remains primary
Responsible canonical reading
Later Jewish and Christian readings must preserve Israel's identity and the unit's ancient setting without antisemitism, supersession, ethnic stigma, nationalism, or one-to-one mapping onto a modern conflict.
How certain? strongTextual variantsManuscript differences only when they affect meaning
Textual and reconstruction limits
The received Hebrew narrative and its KJV presentation are clear enough to follow this movement, while precise source history, chronology, motives, textual development, and external correlation require graded confidence rather than invented certainty.
How certain? probableWhere careful interpreters disagreeThe strongest options and their difficulties
Where does uncertainty remain?
Best judgment: The received Hebrew narrative and its KJV presentation are clear enough to follow this movement, while precise source history, chronology, motives, textual development, and external correlation require graded confidence rather than invented certainty.
How certain? probableTheology that emerges from this passageConclusions drawn after reading the complete section
Theological contribution
The narrator places “Rezon rules Damascus and opposes Israel” inside covenant, worship, royal responsibility, prophetic testimony, judgment, and mercy.
How certain? strongTheological contribution
Public power, worship, wisdom, judgment, mercy, and human cost must be read together in 1 Kings 11:23–11:25; no actor's success erases responsibility or affected people.
How certain? strongCommon ways this passage gets misusedFair explanation, context check, and stronger reading
Solomon's responsibility does not permit making foreign women or foreign peoples targets of misogyny, xenophobia, ethnic purity, or modern enemy mapping.
A vivid feature of 1 Kings 11:23–11:25 can be detached from its sequence, genre, affected people, and source limits.
Introduces Rezon, a fugitive from Hadadezer, as another divinely raised adversary; summarizes Rezon's persistent hostility and Hadad's harm during Solomon's reign. The unit asks readers to distinguish narrated action, character speech, narrator evaluation, theological interpretation, historical reconstruction, and responsible modern application.
Public power, worship, wisdom, judgment, mercy, and human cost must be read together in 1 Kings 11:23–11:25; no actor's success erases responsibility or affected people.
Introduces Rezon, a fugitive from Hadadezer, as another divinely raised adversary; summarizes Rezon's persistent hostility and Hadad's harm during Solomon's reign.
Research trail and exact locationsThe source record behind this section
Supports: Exact displayed KJV wording, paragraph metadata, supplied-word markup, and complete verse coverage.
1 Kings 11:23–11:25, pinned eng-kjv2006 USFM corpus
Supports: Hebrew wording and morphology used for lexical, grammatical, name, clause, and older-English checks; this is not a critical apparatus or historical proof.
Open Scriptures MorphHB v.2.2, commit 6a5db284c715c18b239422e57bb89684e6a19f00, wlc/1Kgs.xml, Masoretic words and morphology for 11:23–11:25
Supports: Only printed unit-level translation, lexical, grammatical, textual, historical, and verse-numbering notes; silence is not evidence.
NET Bible 1 Kings PDF, printed pp. 605–608, translation and translator notes for 11:23–11:25
Supports: Inspected full-text literary, compositional, historical, and theological orientation used as one synthesis rather than consensus.
Dietrich, '1 and 2 Kings,' Oxford Bible Commentary (2001), printed pp. 240–241, exposition covering 1 Kings 11:23–11:25
Supports: Publisher-visible framing of the Masoretic, Greek, and other textual witnesses; the full chapter was not inspected.
Tekoniemi, 'Textual History,' Oxford Handbook of the Books of Kings (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 55–66
Supports: Only publisher-visible discussion of links with Deuteronomy and Deuteronomistic History.
Müller, 'Kings, Deuteronomy, and Deuteronomistic History,' Oxford Handbook (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 83–97
Supports: Only publisher-visible authorship, dating, source, and redaction framing; detailed proposals remain alternatives.
Römer, 'Theories of the Composition of the Books of Kings,' Oxford Handbook (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 98–122
Supports: Abstract-level current framing of Solomon and Jeroboam traditions, history, and literary development.
Robker, 'Solomon and Jeroboam I,' Oxford Handbook (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 139–155
Sources for This Section
These records identify the source, the claim it supports, and the exact location used. A source remains evidence to evaluate; it does not replace the biblical text.
Biblical text
King James (Authorized) Version — eng-kjv2006
eBible.org and CrossWire Bible Society
USFM archive eng-kjv2006_usfm.zip; source files dated 2026-08-19; downloaded 2026-08-24; archive SHA-256 aec1b3b26c622fd3d963d2bbac963016b9513246ffbfa20da00bb100372ea007; normalized corpus SHA-256 09aef51d90488aa7b9722b3fd9a93f4b25f6bf2064c5fd798fb39673c300ddf2.
Supports: Exact displayed KJV wording, paragraph metadata, supplied-word markup, and complete verse coverage.
Exact location: 1 Kings 11:23–11:25, pinned eng-kjv2006 USFM corpus
Open source ↗hebrew text and morphology
Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible: 1 Kings
Open Scriptures
Open Scriptures, release 2.2
Supports: Hebrew wording and morphology used for lexical, grammatical, name, clause, and older-English checks; this is not a critical apparatus or historical proof.
Exact location: Open Scriptures MorphHB v.2.2, commit 6a5db284c715c18b239422e57bb89684e6a19f00, wlc/1Kgs.xml, Masoretic words and morphology for 11:23–11:25
Open source ↗translation and translator notes
NET Bible: 1 Kings with translators' notes
Biblical Studies Press
Biblical Studies Press, 2006
Supports: Only printed unit-level translation, lexical, grammatical, textual, historical, and verse-numbering notes; silence is not evidence.
Exact location: NET Bible 1 Kings PDF, printed pp. 605–608, translation and translator notes for 11:23–11:25
Open source ↗scholarly commentary chapter
1 and 2 Kings
Walter Dietrich
The Oxford Bible Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2001
Supports: Inspected full-text literary, compositional, historical, and theological orientation used as one synthesis rather than consensus.
Exact location: Dietrich, '1 and 2 Kings,' Oxford Bible Commentary (2001), printed pp. 240–241, exposition covering 1 Kings 11:23–11:25
Open source ↗scholarly handbook chapter abstract and metadata
Textual History
Timo Tekoniemi
The Oxford Handbook of the Books of Kings, Oxford University Press, 2024
Supports: Publisher-visible framing of the Masoretic, Greek, and other textual witnesses; the full chapter was not inspected.
Exact location: Tekoniemi, 'Textual History,' Oxford Handbook of the Books of Kings (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 55–66
Open source ↗scholarly handbook chapter abstract and metadata
Kings, Deuteronomy, and Deuteronomistic History
Reinhard Muller
The Oxford Handbook of the Books of Kings, Oxford University Press, 2024
Supports: Only publisher-visible discussion of links with Deuteronomy and Deuteronomistic History.
Exact location: Müller, 'Kings, Deuteronomy, and Deuteronomistic History,' Oxford Handbook (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 83–97
Open source ↗scholarly handbook chapter abstract and metadata
Theories of the Composition of the Books of Kings
Thomas Romer
The Oxford Handbook of the Books of Kings, Oxford University Press, 2024
Supports: Only publisher-visible authorship, dating, source, and redaction framing; detailed proposals remain alternatives.
Exact location: Römer, 'Theories of the Composition of the Books of Kings,' Oxford Handbook (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 98–122
Open source ↗scholarly handbook chapter abstract and metadata
Solomon and Jeroboam I
Jonathan Miles Robker
The Oxford Handbook of the Books of Kings, Oxford University Press, 2024
Supports: Abstract-level current framing of Solomon and Jeroboam traditions, history, and literary development.
Exact location: Robker, 'Solomon and Jeroboam I,' Oxford Handbook (2024), official abstract and metadata for pp. 139–155
Open source ↗