Jeremiah 31:31–34, King James Version
Italic words were supplied in the English translation for clarity.
Jeremiah 31:31–34
The New Covenant Is Made with Israel and Judah
The new covenant is cut with the house of Israel and the house of Judah
Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah: not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they brake, although I was an husband unto them.
The partners are named twice: Israel and Judah, the same families the book has refused to erase. Christian reception, including later use in Hebrews, must not turn this into the deletion of Jewish covenant identity or into a contextless slogan. The contrast is with the broken exodus covenant, not with Jews as a failed race.
Torah in the inward parts is gift to these houses, not a campaign against Jewish practice
This shall be the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days: I will put my law in their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God, and they shall be my people. They shall teach no more every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying, Know the LORD: for they shall all know me, from the least of them unto the greatest of them: for I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no more.
Law on the heart is internalized instruction, belonging, widespread knowledge, and forgiven wrongdoing. It does not reduce Torah to a mistake, pit heart against circumcision or Jewish practice, or license supersessionism. Least-to-greatest knowledge is a promise of access, not a ban on teachers now.
How this should shape us
Keep the names Israel and Judah on this covenant. Receive heart-written law as deeper gift to the same people, not as proof that Jewish life is obsolete or that a later church has replaced them.
Teach it back
Explain Jeremiah 31:31–34 in your own words. Name its place in Jeremiah, one source-controlled observation, one uncertainty, one enduring truth, and one harmful use the passage does not authorize.
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Go deeper
The explanation above is meant to stand on its own. Open these notes only if you want language, history, disagreements, or source locations.
Where careful interpreters disagreeThe strongest options and their difficulties
Where do responsible readings differ?
Best judgment: The promise names the houses of Israel and Judah; Christian reception must not erase Jewish covenant identity, reduce Torah to failure, or turn the text into a contextless slogan.
How certain? strongResearch trail and exact locationsThe source record behind this section
Supports: Exact displayed KJV wording, verse order, paragraph metadata, supplied-word markup, and complete thought-unit coverage.
Jeremiah 31:31–34, pinned eng-kjv2006 USFM-derived repository corpus
Supports: Masoretic Hebrew wording and morphology checked at the exact unit without treating morphology as a critical apparatus or interpretation.
Open Scriptures MorphHB v2.2, commit 6a5db284c715c18b239422e57bb89684e6a19f00, wlc/Jer.xml, OSIS 31:31–34
Supports: Verse-level controls for Hebrew, syntax, older KJV language, dates, names, textual problems, and material translation alternatives.
Official NET Bible Jeremiah PDF, pp. 1258-1459, translator, study, and textual notes attached to Jeremiah 31:31–34
Supports: Reader-oriented historical, literary, theological, and pastoral synthesis with ancient-to-modern limits.
Enter the Bible Jeremiah course, Outline and Themes: restoration, new covenant, field, Baruch scroll, siege, and fall; applied to Jeremiah 31:31–34
Supports: Current university-level literary-historical synthesis and explicit composition questions.
Yale Bible Study, Jeremiah and Ezekiel, Jeremiah Part 2 study guide, pp. 1-6: prophetic conflict, politics, exile, and restoration; applied to Jeremiah 31:31–34
Supports: Controls anti-Judaism and supersessionism risk, especially readings that detach the new covenant from Israel and Judah.
Fuller, 'Christian Antisemitism in Biblical Studies,' section on Jeremiah 31 and the new covenant, inspected author manuscript; applied to Jeremiah 31:31–34
Sources for This Section
These records identify the source, the claim it supports, and the exact location used. A source remains evidence to evaluate; it does not replace the biblical text.
Biblical text
King James (Authorized) Version — eng-kjv2006
eBible.org and CrossWire Bible Society
USFM archive eng-kjv2006_usfm.zip; source files dated 2026-08-19; downloaded 2026-08-24; archive SHA-256 aec1b3b26c622fd3d963d2bbac963016b9513246ffbfa20da00bb100372ea007; normalized corpus SHA-256 09aef51d90488aa7b9722b3fd9a93f4b25f6bf2064c5fd798fb39673c300ddf2.
Supports: Exact displayed KJV wording, verse order, paragraph metadata, supplied-word markup, and complete thought-unit coverage.
Exact location: Jeremiah 31:31–34, pinned eng-kjv2006 USFM-derived repository corpus
Open source ↗hebrew text and morphology
Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible: Jeremiah
Open Scriptures
Open Scriptures, release 2.2; fixed commit
Supports: Masoretic Hebrew wording and morphology checked at the exact unit without treating morphology as a critical apparatus or interpretation.
Exact location: Open Scriptures MorphHB v2.2, commit 6a5db284c715c18b239422e57bb89684e6a19f00, wlc/Jer.xml, OSIS 31:31–34
Open the fixed Hebrew Jeremiah file ↗translation and translator notes
NET Bible: Jeremiah with Translator, Textual, and Study Notes
Biblical Studies Press
Biblical Studies Press; official eBible PDF distribution, NET Bible Second Edition; official PDF accessed 2026
Supports: Verse-level controls for Hebrew, syntax, older KJV language, dates, names, textual problems, and material translation alternatives.
Exact location: Official NET Bible Jeremiah PDF, pp. 1258-1459, translator, study, and textual notes attached to Jeremiah 31:31–34
Open the official NET Jeremiah PDF ↗modern scholarly book course
Jeremiah: Summary, Outline, Background, Introductory Issues, Themes, and Bible in the World
Terence E. Fretheim and Michael Chan
Enter the Bible, Luther Seminary, current public course accessed 2026
Supports: Reader-oriented historical, literary, theological, and pastoral synthesis with ancient-to-modern limits.
Exact location: Enter the Bible Jeremiah course, Outline and Themes: restoration, new covenant, field, Baruch scroll, siege, and fall; applied to Jeremiah 31:31–34
Open the Enter the Bible Jeremiah course ↗open university study guide series
Jeremiah and Ezekiel: Jeremiah Parts 1-3 Study Guides
Joel S. Baden and Jacqueline Vayntrub
Yale Bible Study, 2024
Supports: Current university-level literary-historical synthesis and explicit composition questions.
Exact location: Yale Bible Study, Jeremiah and Ezekiel, Jeremiah Part 2 study guide, pp. 1-6: prophetic conflict, politics, exile, and restoration; applied to Jeremiah 31:31–34
Open the Yale Jeremiah and Ezekiel course ↗scholarly conference paper
Christian Antisemitism in Biblical Studies: Two Examples
R. Fuller
An End to Antisemitism conference archive, University of Vienna, conference manuscript archived 2018
Supports: Controls anti-Judaism and supersessionism risk, especially readings that detach the new covenant from Israel and Judah.
Exact location: Fuller, 'Christian Antisemitism in Biblical Studies,' section on Jeremiah 31 and the new covenant, inspected author manuscript; applied to Jeremiah 31:31–34
Open Fuller on antisemitism and Jeremiah 31 ↗