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Judges 21:8–15, King James Version
Italic words were supplied in the English translation for clarity.
Judges 21:8–15
Jabesh-gilead pays for absence, and four hundred women are spared for seizure
Absence from Mizpah is turned into a massacre order
They say, What one is there of the tribes of Israel that came not up to Mizpah to the LORD? Behold, no one came to the camp from Jabesh-gilead to the assembly. The people are numbered, and there is none of the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead there. The congregation sends twelve thousand of the most valiant and commands them: Go and smite the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead with the edge of the sword, with the women and the children. This is the thing you shall do: you shall utterly destroy every male, and every woman that has lain by man.
A missed assembly plus their own death-oath becomes authorization to kill a town that was not Gibeah. Children are in the command. No word of God in this scene orders the expedition.
Four hundred young women are spared for seizure
They find among the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead four hundred young virgins who have not known man by lying with any male. They bring them to the camp to Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan. The whole congregation sends to speak to the children of Benjamin who are in the rock Rimmon and to proclaim peace. Benjamin returns at that time, and they give them the women whom they have saved alive of the women of Jabesh-gilead. Yet so they suffice them not.
"Saved alive" is not rescue. Survival is selection by sexual status for forced transfer. The narrator never records their ages beyond "young," their consent, a humane process of identification, or their later life. Virginity is a filter men use, not a measure of worth.
The people repent again, because the numbers still fail
The people repent them for Benjamin, because the LORD had made a breach in the tribes of Israel. Grief remains focused on tribal continuity. The shortfall of women, not the massacre or the captives' terror, drives the next plan. Repair that creates new bereaved women is not repentance in any sense worth imitating.
How this should shape us
This is not divine family policy. Reject forced marriage, the killing of children, and the assignment of captives to men. Independent protection for displaced women and minors is mandatory; leaders do not get to place them.
Teach it back
Explain Judges 21:8–15 in your own words. Include its scene movement, one source-supported detail, one material uncertainty, and one conclusion or imitation the complete context rules out.
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Go deeper
The explanation above is meant to stand on its own. Open these notes only if you want language, history, disagreements, or source locations.
Where careful interpreters disagreeThe strongest options and their difficulties
Where do careful interpreters disagree?
Best judgment: Details of ancient classification, marriage status, and narrative irony are debated. The command to kill broadly, preserve selected young women, and give them to Benjamin is explicit and ethically indefensible for imitation.
How certain? probableResearch trail and exact locationsThe source record behind this section
Supports: Exact reader-facing Scripture wording, paragraph markers, supplied-word markup, and complete verse coverage.
Judges 21:8–15, pinned eng-kjv2006 USFM corpus
Supports: Masoretic Hebrew wording, morphology, names, clause relationships, repeated terms, wordplays, and translation control.
Open Scriptures MorphHB v.2.2, commit 6a5db284c715c18b239422e57bb89684e6a19f00, wlc/Judg.xml, 21:8–15
Supports: Verse-level translation, syntax, textual, poetic, geographical, social, and uncertainty notes.
NET Bible Judges PDF, printed pp. 488-489, translation and notes on 21:8–15
Supports: Recent whole-book literary organization, differentiated judge portraits, progressive decline, Abimelech, Samson, and the double epilogue within the limits of preview access.
Assis, Before There Were Kings, inspected contents and exposed summaries for the relevant literary section, printed pp. 341-402
Supports: Compositional alternatives, rhetorical relationships among prologue, central narratives, and epilogues, and the material YHWH-kingship alternative for the no-king refrain.
Wong, Compositional Strategy of the Book of Judges, University of Edinburgh repository abstract and chapter descriptions
Supports: The unnamed woman's exploitation, the host's and Levite's complicity, the Levite's selective retelling, and survivor-centered reading of chapters 19-21.
Pitts, 'Judges 19 as a Paradigm for Understanding and Responding to Human Trafficking,' complete 2023 reprint, PDF pp. 5-8
Supports: Marriage-by-capture framing, violence and social identity, Judges 21, and the proposed critique of superficial unity within preview-access limits.
Southwood, Marriage by Capture in the Book of Judges, official contents and chapter 1 summary, printed pp. 1-54
Sources for This Section
These records identify the source, the claim it supports, and the exact location used. A source remains evidence to evaluate; it does not replace the biblical text.
Biblical text
King James (Authorized) Version — eng-kjv2006
eBible.org and CrossWire Bible Society
USFM archive eng-kjv2006_usfm.zip; source files dated 2026-08-19; downloaded 2026-08-24; archive SHA-256 aec1b3b26c622fd3d963d2bbac963016b9513246ffbfa20da00bb100372ea007; normalized corpus SHA-256 09aef51d90488aa7b9722b3fd9a93f4b25f6bf2064c5fd798fb39673c300ddf2.
Supports: Exact reader-facing Scripture wording, paragraph markers, supplied-word markup, and complete verse coverage.
Exact location: Judges 21:8–15, pinned eng-kjv2006 USFM corpus
Open source ↗hebrew text and morphology
Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible: Judges
Open Scriptures
Open Scriptures, release 2.2
Supports: Masoretic Hebrew wording, morphology, names, clause relationships, repeated terms, wordplays, and translation control.
Exact location: Open Scriptures MorphHB v.2.2, commit 6a5db284c715c18b239422e57bb89684e6a19f00, wlc/Judg.xml, 21:8–15
Open source ↗translation and translator notes
NET Bible: Judges with translators' notes
Biblical Studies Press
Biblical Studies Press, 2006
Supports: Verse-level translation, syntax, textual, poetic, geographical, social, and uncertainty notes.
Exact location: NET Bible Judges PDF, printed pp. 488-489, translation and notes on 21:8–15
Open source ↗modern scholarly monograph preview
Before There Were Kings: A Literary Analysis of the Book of Judges
Elie Assis
Penn State University Press / Eisenbrauns, 2024
Supports: Recent whole-book literary organization, differentiated judge portraits, progressive decline, Abimelech, Samson, and the double epilogue within the limits of preview access.
Exact location: Assis, Before There Were Kings, inspected contents and exposed summaries for the relevant literary section, printed pp. 341-402
Open source ↗doctoral thesis repository record
Compositional Strategy of the Book of Judges: An Inductive, Rhetorical Study
Gregory T. K. Wong
University of Edinburgh, 2005
Supports: Compositional alternatives, rhetorical relationships among prologue, central narratives, and epilogues, and the material YHWH-kingship alternative for the no-king refrain.
Exact location: Wong, Compositional Strategy of the Book of Judges, University of Edinburgh repository abstract and chapter descriptions
Open source ↗modern scholarly pastoral article
Judges 19 as a Paradigm for Understanding and Responding to Human Trafficking
Chuck Pitts
Priscilla Papers 29.4; reprinted in 37.1, 2015; reprint 2023
Supports: The unnamed woman's exploitation, the host's and Levite's complicity, the Levite's selective retelling, and survivor-centered reading of chapters 19-21.
Exact location: Pitts, 'Judges 19 as a Paradigm for Understanding and Responding to Human Trafficking,' complete 2023 reprint, PDF pp. 5-8
Open source ↗modern scholarly monograph preview
Marriage by Capture in the Book of Judges: An Anthropological Approach
Katherine E. Southwood
Cambridge University Press, 2017
Supports: Marriage-by-capture framing, violence and social identity, Judges 21, and the proposed critique of superficial unity within preview-access limits.
Exact location: Southwood, Marriage by Capture in the Book of Judges, official contents and chapter 1 summary, printed pp. 1-54
Open source ↗