Biblical Living

Grieving with hope

How can I mourn honestly and comfort others in the hope God gives?

You can mourn the person you have lost and still trust God. Scripture gives words for tears, questions, prayer, and hope. It calls you to receive the Lord’s care, remain with others in their sorrow, and look to Jesus Christ, who died and rose again and will overcome death.

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These passages speak both to the person who grieves and to the person offering comfort. Their hope rests on God’s character and promises, while their laments give honest expression to the loss still being endured.

Bring your sorrow to the Lord who meets mourners

Give the sorrow you actually have an honest place before God. John 11:3–6 says that Jesus loved Martha, Mary, and Lazarus, yet he remained where he was after hearing that Lazarus was sick. His love was real even while the sisters faced a delay they could not understand. Verse 17 says that when he arrived, Lazarus had already been in the grave four days. The account begins with people loved by Jesus experiencing a real death and the pain of his absence.

Martha brings that loss directly to him in John 11:21–27. She says that her brother would not have died if Jesus had been there, and she continues to express confidence in him. When he tells her that her brother will rise, she speaks of resurrection at the last day. Jesus directs her hope to himself: he is the resurrection and the life, and the person who believes in him will live even through death. Her answer confesses him as the Christ, the Son of God. Grief and faith are present in the same conversation. Bring your questions to the Lord while listening to what he reveals about himself.

John 11:32–38 then shows Mary weeping, the people with her weeping, and Jesus troubled and shedding tears. He has already told the disciples in John 11:11–15 that he is going to wake Lazarus from death, yet he enters this sorrowful scene with deep emotion. Verses 39–44 make the reality of death unmistakable: Martha speaks of the body’s decay, the stone is removed, and Lazarus comes out when Jesus calls. His prayer explains the sign’s purpose, that the people may believe the Father sent him. The one who has power over death also weeps at the tomb. You may bring your tears to him with confidence in both his love and his authority.

The church’s story also gives sorrow its place. Acts 7:55–60 records Stephen seeing Jesus in glory and entrusting his spirit to him as he dies. Acts 8:2 nevertheless says that devout men buried Stephen and made great lamentation over him. Their mourning stands beside the account’s strong witness to his hope. In Philippians 2:25–30, Epaphroditus recovers from a life-threatening illness, and Paul describes God’s mercy in sparing him sorrow upon sorrow. Paul’s faith did not make the possible death of his companion insignificant. Receive the freedom to acknowledge how much a person’s life and absence matter.

Further study: Alicia D. Myers · Henry Langknecht · Biblical Studies Press

Tell God the truth about your pain

Lament brings pain into speech before God. Psalm 13:1–2 repeatedly asks how long the LORD will seem to forget the speaker, hide his face, and leave him in daily sorrow under an enemy’s power. Verses 3–4 ask God to hear and preserve his life; verses 5–6 turn to trust in mercy and a resolve to praise. The prayer neither conceals the distress nor makes distress its only word. You can name what hurts, ask for help, and appeal to the mercy of the God you are addressing.

Hope may need to be voiced repeatedly while sorrow continues. In Psalm 42:1–4, the speaker thirsts for the living God, describes tears as his food, and remembers joining others in worship. He tells his cast-down soul to hope in God in verse 5, yet verse 6 immediately acknowledges that he is still cast down. The appeal returns in Psalm 42:11 and Psalm 43:5; between those refrains he asks for God’s light and truth to lead him back to worship. The repeated prayer is part of continuing dependence. Remember God’s goodness, ask for his guidance, and return to him as often as your need returns.

Psalm 88:1–18 gives words even when no turn to relief can yet be spoken. It begins by addressing the LORD as the God of the speaker’s salvation. It then describes approaching death, isolation, and an overwhelming sense of divine wrath; its closing words still concern separation from friends and darkness. Yet the speaker continues to cry to God, including in verses 9 and 13. This is an anguished prayer seeking an answer, rather than a detached statement that God will never save. Its place in Scripture allows you to keep praying from within unresolved pain. You need not invent a report of recovery in order to speak honestly to the Lord.

Further study: Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

Receive God’s mercy while you wait

Seek the mercy of God in the sorrow that remains. Lamentations 3:19–24 moves from remembered affliction to remembered compassion: the speaker recalls the LORD’s mercies, continuing faithfulness, and his own dependence on the LORD as his portion. The book mourns Jerusalem’s devastation; these words arise within that grief. Verses 25–33 call for seeking and waiting for the LORD and place hope in his compassion, affirming that he does not willingly afflict. The comfort lies in who God is and in turning toward him while deliverance is awaited.

That hope does not bring the poem to a quick emotional ending. In Lamentations 3:40–50, confession and renewed prayer stand beside continuing tears for the ruined people. Lamentations 5:1–22 gathers losses of homes, family, safety, and joy into the community’s appeal for God to remember and restore them; the closing plea remains unanswered within the book. These are voices from a particular covenant catastrophe, including acknowledged sin. They teach truthful appeal and dependence on mercy; they do not reveal why a particular person you love died or establish a schedule for your sorrow to end.

God’s care reaches the brokenhearted. Psalm 34:15–22 says that his ears are open to the righteous person’s cry and that he is near to those of a broken heart. The same passage explicitly acknowledges many afflictions. Nearness and suffering therefore belong in the same promise of care. Matthew 5:3–12 similarly places those who mourn among the people Jesus calls blessed, alongside the poor in spirit, the meek, and those who hunger for righteousness. Their promised comfort belongs to the hope of God’s kingdom. Seek that kingdom and receive his care even while the hurt is present.

Psalm 23:1–6 gives this trust the language of a sheep cared for by its shepherd. The LORD provides rest and restoration and leads in righteous paths. In verse 4, the path passes through the valley of the shadow of death, and the speaker’s reason for courage is God’s presence: his rod and staff give comfort there. The psalm continues with provision in the presence of enemies and confidence in enduring goodness and mercy. Entrust your next steps to the Lord who guides and sustains you. His care accompanies you through the frightening part of the journey.

You may also depend on God when words are difficult. Romans 8:18–27 speaks of creation groaning and of believers groaning as they await the redemption of their bodies. Having the Spirit does not remove that waiting; the Spirit helps their weakness and intercedes according to God’s will when they do not know how to pray as they ought. Bring the prayer you can offer. Your access to God’s help rests on his faithfulness, including his help in your weakness.

Romans 8:28–39 explains the direction of this hope. The good God works for those who love him belongs to his purpose of conforming them to his Son and bringing them to glory. Paul then names Christ’s death, resurrection, and intercession as reasons for confidence. He includes distress, danger, and even death among the things that cannot separate his people from God’s love in Christ. The passage gives you a secure place in that love without calling the loss itself pleasant or explaining every reason it happened.

Further study: Scott Ellington · Walter C. Bouzard

Rest your hope in the risen Christ

Christian hope has a definite foundation: Jesus Christ died for our sins and rose from the dead. In 1 Corinthians 15:1–11, Paul recalls the gospel the Corinthians received, Christ’s burial and resurrection according to the Scriptures, and his appearances to witnesses, including Paul. Verses 12–19 then expose what would follow if there were no resurrection: Christ himself would not be raised, faith would be empty, sin would remain, and those who died in Christ would have perished. Paul faces the seriousness of death directly. Comfort rests on the risen Lord, rather than on the strength of a mourner’s feelings.

In 1 Corinthians 15:20–28, Paul declares that Christ has risen as the firstfruits of those who have died. The firstfruits image joins the beginning of the harvest to the harvest that follows: Christ’s resurrection establishes the hope of those who belong to him at his coming. Adam and Christ explain the contrast between death and life. Christ reigns until every enemy is overcome, with death named as the last enemy to be destroyed. Death is the enemy God will defeat; you can rest your hope in Christ’s victory for his people.

The promised future includes the body. In 1 Corinthians 15:35–49, Paul answers the question of how the dead are raised by describing a seed sown and the body God gives it. He then contrasts what is sown in corruption, dishonor, and weakness with what is raised in incorruption, glory, and power. A spiritual body in this argument is still a body, fitted to the life given through Christ. Verses 50–57 explain the needed change: mortal life must put on immortality, and the dead will be raised incorruptible. Hope reaches beyond continuing to remember someone to God’s power to give life beyond death.

That hope speaks directly to bereavement in 1 Thessalonians 4:13–14. Paul wants the believers to understand what will happen to those who are asleep, his expression here for those who have died. His aim is that they will not sorrow as people without hope. He grounds the difference in their shared belief that Jesus died and rose again and in God’s action for those who sleep in Jesus. The qualifying words about hope matter: this is comfort for sorrowing believers, not a demand that love cease to grieve.

First Thessalonians 4:15–17 explains why the dead have not missed their future with Christ. The living will not precede them—the meaning of prevent in the KJV here. The Lord himself descends, the dead in Christ rise first, and the living are caught up together with them to meet him. The sentence reaches its goal in their being with the Lord forever. Verse 18 tells believers to comfort one another with these words. Speak this promised togetherness and lasting presence to one another. The following appeal to watchfulness, faith, love, and hope in 1 Thessalonians 5:1–11 turns expectation into faithful living while awaiting him.

Further study: Karoline Lewis · Biblical Studies Press · Carla Works

Trust Christ’s promises with honest confidence

Receive the assurance that belonging to Christ is stronger than death. In Philippians 1:20–26, Paul wants Christ to be honored in his body whether he lives or dies. He calls departing to be with Christ far better, while also recognizing that remaining alive serves the believers’ growth and joy. His hope gives value to both the future with Christ and the work of love still before him. Second Corinthians 5:1–10 likewise joins confidence about being with the Lord to longing for mortality to be swallowed up by life and to the aim of pleasing him. Rest in Christ’s keeping while continuing to value the life and service he gives.

When death also awakens fear about your own future, look to the Savior who entered our mortal life. Hebrews 2:9–15 joins Jesus’ suffering and glory with his sharing in flesh and blood: through death he defeats the devil, who held the power of death, and delivers those enslaved by the fear of death. Verses 17–18 describe him as a merciful and faithful high priest who makes reconciliation for his people’s sins and helps those who are tempted, having himself suffered. Your confidence rests on what he has done and the help he gives. Turn to him with your fear and seek his sustaining help.

Jesus’ mercy also speaks from the cross. In Luke 23:39–43, one condemned criminal admits the justice of his own sentence, acknowledges Jesus’ innocence, and asks Jesus to remember him in his kingdom. Jesus gives him a direct promise of being with him in paradise that day. The account gives solid reason to trust Christ’s saving mercy toward a person who turns to him, even near death. The assurance comes from Jesus’ own word to this man; it is more than a hopeful guess about him.

Let that same respect for God’s word shape what you say about the person you miss. The resurrection comfort in 1 Thessalonians 4:13–18 concerns those who are in Christ. John 5:24–30 promises life to the one who hears and believes, and also speaks of resurrection to judgment. Where God gives assurance, receive and speak it. Where a person’s relation to him is not known to you, acknowledge the limit of your knowledge and entrust that person to his judgment. In Genesis 18:23–33, Abraham’s appeal concerning Sodom rests on the conviction that the Judge of all the earth will do right. Trust in God’s justice and mercy remains possible without claiming a verdict he has not revealed to you.

Further study: Carla Works · Biblical Studies Press

Share sorrow with patient words and practical love

Meet the mourner with the love their present sorrow calls for. Romans 12:9–15 joins sincere love, affection, patient hope, prayer, sharing material needs, and hospitality, then commands believers to weep with those who weep. Shared sorrow gives a person’s loss a place in the community’s life. Be willing to hear the grief, remain near, and participate in the care that is needed. Hope and tears already belong together in this passage’s account of love.

Job 2:11–13 describes friends coming to mourn and comfort him after the losses recorded in Job 1:13–22 and his further suffering. They weep and sit with him because they see that his pain is great. Their seven days belong to this particular account, while their attention to his suffering shows why presence can matter before speech. Later, Job 16:1–6 calls them miserable comforters and contrasts their words with speech that would strengthen and ease grief. By Job 42:7–9, God himself rebukes them for speaking wrongly about him. Listen humbly, speak what is true, and let your words serve the sufferer instead of supplying an explanation you do not know.

Share the comfort God has given you without making your own experience the measure of another person’s grief. Second Corinthians 1:3–7 blesses the Father of mercies, who comforts Paul and his companions so they can comfort others in trouble. Their consolation serves endurance amid suffering. Verses 8–11 remember distress beyond their own strength, dependence on the God who raises the dead, and the Corinthians’ help through prayer. Offer that same dependence: pray with and for mourners, speak Christ’s promises, and acknowledge your own need for God’s help as you care for them.

Give care according to the person’s need and continue patiently. First Thessalonians 5:14 distinguishes admonishing the unruly, comforting the fainthearted—the people called feebleminded in the KJV—and supporting the weak. It then requires patience toward everyone. Verses 16–18 place joy, prayer, and thanksgiving within this same community life. The passage’s call to gratitude belongs with its call to comfort and support. Help a mourner receive both companionship and the hope of the Lord without turning the person’s sorrow into a test of how quickly encouragement works.

Let care take material form. James 1:19–27 joins readiness to listen with doing the word and attending to fatherless children and widows in their affliction. First John 3:16–18 reasons from Christ laying down his life to a believer’s responsibility to share when a brother is in need. Loving words are to be joined to deeds and truth. Give time, attention, and resources to the needs left by a death, and help those who now lack the care they depended on. Such service belongs beside the resurrection words with which believers are told to comfort one another in 1 Thessalonians 4:18.

Further study: Biblical Studies Press

Remember with love and receive the life still before you

Honoring the person who died can belong to faithful mourning. In Genesis 23:1–20, Abraham weeps for Sarah, then secures a burial place through a public transaction and buries her. His practical action does not erase the grief with which the account begins. The narrative shows a husband attending to his wife’s burial within his own circumstances; it does not prescribe the same arrangements or expense for every household. Give loving and truthful attention to the responsibilities that a death brings.

Scripture also records grief expressed through remembrance. In 2 Samuel 1:17–27, David’s lament names the loss of Saul and Jonathan, recalls their strength, and gives particular voice to his affection for Jonathan. Acts 9:36–39 shows widows weeping and bringing forward the garments Tabitha had made; what they remember makes her care visible. Peter’s prayer and her restoration to life in verses 40–42 are a particular act of God that leads many to believe, rather than an outcome promised at every death. These accounts give remembrance a concrete subject: the person’s life, the good received, and the relationship now missed.

Receive each day’s good and responsibilities while entrusting its season to God. Ecclesiastes 3:1–15 names times for weeping and laughter, mourning and dancing, silence and speech. It also acknowledges that people cannot grasp God’s work from beginning to end and commends doing good and receiving his gifts. The poem assigns no length to a person’s grief and no obligation to display every emotion in order. First Corinthians 15:58 gives a further reason to continue in faithful service: because of the promised resurrection, labor in the Lord is not in vain. Love, remembrance, present service, and future hope can remain part of the same life.

Look toward the day God will end death and sorrow

God’s promised comfort reaches the source of mourning. Isaiah 25:6–9 portrays a feast the LORD prepares, a covering over the nations removed, death swallowed up, and tears wiped away. Those who have waited rejoice in his salvation. This follows praise of God as refuge for the distressed and is followed by the humbling of pride. The vision gives hope in God’s victory and welcome, with his righteous rule intact.

Revelation 21:1–8 places the promise in a new heaven and new earth, with God dwelling among his people. He wipes away their tears, and death, sorrow, crying, and pain are gone because the former things have passed away. The one on the throne declares his words true and faithful and gives the water of life freely. The passage also distinguishes the inheritance of those who overcome from judgment. Its comfort is the fulfillment of God’s saving promise, not a claim that every person’s final state is the same.

Revelation 22:1–5 completes the picture with life from the throne of God and the Lamb, the removal of the curse, and servants who see his face and serve him. The promised future is life with God. Until then, bring sorrow to him, receive and extend the care he commands, and hold to the victory given through Jesus Christ in 1 Corinthians 15:50–58. The Lord’s promise allows you to mourn truthfully now while awaiting the day when he will remove the reason for your tears.

Continue reading: Being a grandparent and teaching another generation

Read the passages

Scripture in context

51 contextual selections for this subject, including the passages cited above and further related reading. Every selected range is reproduced in full from the KJV. Context notes identify the setting and kind of evidence.

Covenant narrative and intercession 1 selections
Genesis 18:16–33 KJV · In this guide

Context: The LORD discloses impending judgment on Sodom; Abraham appeals for the city with concern for the righteous and recognition of his own humility.

18:16 And the men rose up from thence, and looked toward Sodom: and Abraham went with them to bring them on the way.

18:17 And the LORD said, Shall I hide from Abraham that thing which I do;

18:18 Seeing that Abraham shall surely become a great and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth shall be blessed in him?

18:19 For I know him, that he will command his children and his household after him, and they shall keep the way of the LORD, to do justice and judgment; that the LORD may bring upon Abraham that which he hath spoken of him.

18:20 And the LORD said, Because the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great, and because their sin is very grievous;

18:21 I will go down now, and see whether they have done altogether according to the cry of it, which is come unto me; and if not, I will know.

18:22 And the men turned their faces from thence, and went toward Sodom: but Abraham stood yet before the LORD.

18:23 And Abraham drew near, and said, Wilt thou also destroy the righteous with the wicked?

18:24 Peradventure there be fifty righteous within the city: wilt thou also destroy and not spare the place for the fifty righteous that are therein?

18:25 That be far from thee to do after this manner, to slay the righteous with the wicked: and that the righteous should be as the wicked, that be far from thee: Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?

18:26 And the LORD said, If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will spare all the place for their sakes.

18:27 And Abraham answered and said, Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the Lord, which am but dust and ashes:

18:28 Peradventure there shall lack five of the fifty righteous: wilt thou destroy all the city for lack of five? And he said, If I find there forty and five, I will not destroy it.

18:29 And he spake unto him yet again, and said, Peradventure there shall be forty found there. And he said, I will not do it for forty’s sake.

18:30 And he said unto him, Oh let not the Lord be angry, and I will speak: Peradventure there shall thirty be found there. And he said, I will not do it, if I find thirty there.

18:31 And he said, Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the Lord: Peradventure there shall be twenty found there. And he said, I will not destroy it for twenty’s sake.

18:32 And he said, Oh let not the Lord be angry, and I will speak yet but this once: Peradventure ten shall be found there. And he said, I will not destroy it for ten’s sake.

18:33 And the LORD went his way, as soon as he had left communing with Abraham: and Abraham returned unto his place.

Narrative 3 selections
Genesis 23:1–20 KJV · In this guide

Context: Abraham mourns Sarah and purchases a burial possession in Canaan through a witnessed transaction.

23:1 And Sarah was an hundred and seven and twenty years old: these were the years of the life of Sarah.

23:2 And Sarah died in Kirjath-arba; the same is Hebron in the land of Canaan: and Abraham came to mourn for Sarah, and to weep for her.

23:3 And Abraham stood up from before his dead, and spake unto the sons of Heth, saying,

23:4 I am a stranger and a sojourner with you: give me a possession of a buryingplace with you, that I may bury my dead out of my sight.

23:5 And the children of Heth answered Abraham, saying unto him,

23:6 Hear us, my lord: thou art a mighty prince among us: in the choice of our sepulchres bury thy dead; none of us shall withhold from thee his sepulchre, but that thou mayest bury thy dead.

23:7 And Abraham stood up, and bowed himself to the people of the land, even to the children of Heth.

23:8 And he communed with them, saying, If it be your mind that I should bury my dead out of my sight; hear me, and intreat for me to Ephron the son of Zohar,

23:9 That he may give me the cave of Machpelah, which he hath, which is in the end of his field; for as much money as it is worth he shall give it me for a possession of a buryingplace amongst you.

23:10 And Ephron dwelt among the children of Heth: and Ephron the Hittite answered Abraham in the audience of the children of Heth, even of all that went in at the gate of his city, saying,

23:11 Nay, my lord, hear me: the field give I thee, and the cave that is therein, I give it thee; in the presence of the sons of my people give I it thee: bury thy dead.

23:12 And Abraham bowed down himself before the people of the land.

23:13 And he spake unto Ephron in the audience of the people of the land, saying, But if thou wilt give it, I pray thee, hear me: I will give thee money for the field; take it of me, and I will bury my dead there.

23:14 And Ephron answered Abraham, saying unto him,

23:15 My lord, hearken unto me: the land is worth four hundred shekels of silver; what is that betwixt me and thee? bury therefore thy dead.

23:16 And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron; and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver, which he had named in the audience of the sons of Heth, four hundred shekels of silver, current money with the merchant.

23:17 And the field of Ephron, which was in Machpelah, which was before Mamre, the field, and the cave which was therein, and all the trees that were in the field, that were in all the borders round about, were made sure

23:18 Unto Abraham for a possession in the presence of the children of Heth, before all that went in at the gate of his city.

23:19 And after this, Abraham buried Sarah his wife in the cave of the field of Machpelah before Mamre: the same is Hebron in the land of Canaan.

23:20 And the field, and the cave that is therein, were made sure unto Abraham for a possession of a buryingplace by the sons of Heth.

Acts 7:54–60 KJV · In this guide

Context: Stephen is killed after his testimony and vision of Jesus in glory; he entrusts his spirit to Jesus and prays for his attackers.

7:54 When they heard these things, they were cut to the heart, and they gnashed on him with their teeth.

7:55 But he, being full of the Holy Ghost, looked up stedfastly into heaven, and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing on the right hand of God,

7:56 And said, Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son of man standing on the right hand of God.

7:57 Then they cried out with a loud voice, and stopped their ears, and ran upon him with one accord,

7:58 And cast him out of the city, and stoned him: and the witnesses laid down their clothes at a young man’s feet, whose name was Saul.

7:59 And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.

7:60 And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge. And when he had said this, he fell asleep.

Acts 8:1–4 KJV · In this guide

Context: Persecution scatters the church; devout men bury Stephen with great lamentation, and scattered believers proclaim the word.

8:1 And Saul was consenting unto his death. And at that time there was a great persecution against the church which was at Jerusalem; and they were all scattered abroad throughout the regions of Judæa and Samaria, except the apostles.

8:2 And devout men carried Stephen to his burial, and made great lamentation over him.

8:3 As for Saul, he made havock of the church, entering into every house, and haling men and women committed them to prison.

8:4 Therefore they that were scattered abroad went every where preaching the word.

Covenant narrative 1 selections
Deuteronomy 34:1–12 KJV

Context: Moses dies, Israel mourns thirty days, Joshua succeeds him, and the narrative recognizes Moses’ unique prophetic service.

34:1 And Moses went up from the plains of Moab unto the mountain of Nebo, to the top of Pisgah, that is over against Jericho. And the LORD shewed him all the land of Gilead, unto Dan,

34:2 And all Naphtali, and the land of Ephraim, and Manasseh, and all the land of Judah, unto the utmost sea,

34:3 And the south, and the plain of the valley of Jericho, the city of palm trees, unto Zoar.

34:4 And the LORD said unto him, This is the land which I sware unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, saying, I will give it unto thy seed: I have caused thee to see it with thine eyes, but thou shalt not go over thither.

34:5 So Moses the servant of the LORD died there in the land of Moab, according to the word of the LORD.

34:6 And he buried him in a valley in the land of Moab, over against Beth-peor: but no man knoweth of his sepulchre unto this day.

34:7 And Moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he died: his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.

34:8 And the children of Israel wept for Moses in the plains of Moab thirty days: so the days of weeping and mourning for Moses were ended.

34:9 And Joshua the son of Nun was full of the spirit of wisdom; for Moses had laid his hands upon him: and the children of Israel hearkened unto him, and did as the LORD commanded Moses.

34:10 And there arose not a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses, whom the LORD knew face to face,

34:11 In all the signs and the wonders, which the LORD sent him to do in the land of Egypt to Pharaoh, and to all his servants, and to all his land,

34:12 And in all that mighty hand, and in all the great terror which Moses shewed in the sight of all Israel.

Narrative and elegy 1 selections
2 Samuel 1:17–27 KJV · In this guide

Context: After receiving news of Saul’s and Jonathan’s deaths, David voices a full lament honoring the fallen and his particular bond with Jonathan.

1:17 And David lamented with this lamentation over Saul and over Jonathan his son:

1:18 (Also he bade them teach the children of Judah the use of the bow: behold, it is written in the book of Jasher.)

1:19 The beauty of Israel is slain upon thy high places: how are the mighty fallen!

1:20 Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Askelon; lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice, lest the daughters of the uncircumcised triumph.

1:21 Ye mountains of Gilboa, let there be no dew, neither let there be rain, upon you, nor fields of offerings: for there the shield of the mighty is vilely cast away, the shield of Saul, as though he had not been anointed with oil.

1:22 From the blood of the slain, from the fat of the mighty, the bow of Jonathan turned not back, and the sword of Saul returned not empty.

1:23 Saul and Jonathan were lovely and pleasant in their lives, and in their death they were not divided: they were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions.

1:24 Ye daughters of Israel, weep over Saul, who clothed you in scarlet, with other delights, who put on ornaments of gold upon your apparel.

1:25 How are the mighty fallen in the midst of the battle! O Jonathan, thou wast slain in thine high places.

1:26 I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan: very pleasant hast thou been unto me: thy love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women.

1:27 How are the mighty fallen, and the weapons of war perished!

Particular judgment narrative 1 selections
2 Samuel 12:1–25 KJV

Context: Nathan confronts David’s wrongdoing, announces consequences, and the child dies despite prayer; David worships and comforts Bath-sheba.

12:1 And the LORD sent Nathan unto David. And he came unto him, and said unto him, There were two men in one city; the one rich, and the other poor.

12:2 The rich man had exceeding many flocks and herds:

12:3 But the poor man had nothing, save one little ewe lamb, which he had bought and nourished up: and it grew up together with him, and with his children; it did eat of his own meat, and drank of his own cup, and lay in his bosom, and was unto him as a daughter.

12:4 And there came a traveller unto the rich man, and he spared to take of his own flock and of his own herd, to dress for the wayfaring man that was come unto him; but took the poor man’s lamb, and dressed it for the man that was come to him.

12:5 And David’s anger was greatly kindled against the man; and he said to Nathan, As the LORD liveth, the man that hath done this thing shall surely die:

12:6 And he shall restore the lamb fourfold, because he did this thing, and because he had no pity.

12:7 And Nathan said to David, Thou art the man. Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, I anointed thee king over Israel, and I delivered thee out of the hand of Saul;

12:8 And I gave thee thy master’s house, and thy master’s wives into thy bosom, and gave thee the house of Israel and of Judah; and if that had been too little, I would moreover have given unto thee such and such things.

12:9 Wherefore hast thou despised the commandment of the LORD, to do evil in his sight? thou hast killed Uriah the Hittite with the sword, and hast taken his wife to be thy wife, and hast slain him with the sword of the children of Ammon.

12:10 Now therefore the sword shall never depart from thine house; because thou hast despised me, and hast taken the wife of Uriah the Hittite to be thy wife.

12:11 Thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will raise up evil against thee out of thine own house, and I will take thy wives before thine eyes, and give them unto thy neighbour, and he shall lie with thy wives in the sight of this sun.

12:12 For thou didst it secretly: but I will do this thing before all Israel, and before the sun.

12:13 And David said unto Nathan, I have sinned against the LORD. And Nathan said unto David, The LORD also hath put away thy sin; thou shalt not die.

12:14 Howbeit, because by this deed thou hast given great occasion to the enemies of the LORD to blaspheme, the child also that is born unto thee shall surely die.

12:15 And Nathan departed unto his house. And the LORD struck the child that Uriah’s wife bare unto David, and it was very sick.

12:16 David therefore besought God for the child; and David fasted, and went in, and lay all night upon the earth.

12:17 And the elders of his house arose, and went to him, to raise him up from the earth: but he would not, neither did he eat bread with them.

12:18 And it came to pass on the seventh day, that the child died. And the servants of David feared to tell him that the child was dead: for they said, Behold, while the child was yet alive, we spake unto him, and he would not hearken unto our voice: how will he then vex himself, if we tell him that the child is dead?

12:19 But when David saw that his servants whispered, David perceived that the child was dead: therefore David said unto his servants, Is the child dead? And they said, He is dead.

12:20 Then David arose from the earth, and washed, and anointed himself, and changed his apparel, and came into the house of the LORD, and worshipped: then he came to his own house; and when he required, they set bread before him, and he did eat.

12:21 Then said his servants unto him, What thing is this that thou hast done? thou didst fast and weep for the child, while it was alive; but when the child was dead, thou didst rise and eat bread.

12:22 And he said, While the child was yet alive, I fasted and wept: for I said, Who can tell whether GOD will be gracious to me, that the child may live?

12:23 But now he is dead, wherefore should I fast? can I bring him back again? I shall go to him, but he shall not return to me.

12:24 And David comforted Bath-sheba his wife, and went in unto her, and lay with her: and she bare a son, and he called his name Solomon: and the LORD loved him.

12:25 And he sent by the hand of Nathan the prophet; and he called his name Jedidiah, because of the LORD.

Wisdom narrative 2 selections
Job 1:1–22 KJV · In this guide

Context: Job’s uprightness and the heavenly challenge precede successive losses, including his children, and his mourning worship.

1:1 There was a man in the land of Uz, whose name was Job; and that man was perfect and upright, and one that feared God, and eschewed evil.

1:2 And there were born unto him seven sons and three daughters.

1:3 His substance also was seven thousand sheep, and three thousand camels, and five hundred yoke of oxen, and five hundred she asses, and a very great household; so that this man was the greatest of all the men of the east.

1:4 And his sons went and feasted in their houses, every one his day; and sent and called for their three sisters to eat and to drink with them.

1:5 And it was so, when the days of their feasting were gone about, that Job sent and sanctified them, and rose up early in the morning, and offered burnt offerings according to the number of them all: for Job said, It may be that my sons have sinned, and cursed God in their hearts. Thus did Job continually.

1:6 Now there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan came also among them.

1:7 And the LORD said unto Satan, Whence comest thou? Then Satan answered the LORD, and said, From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it.

1:8 And the LORD said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil?

1:9 Then Satan answered the LORD, and said, Doth Job fear God for nought?

1:10 Hast not thou made an hedge about him, and about his house, and about all that he hath on every side? thou hast blessed the work of his hands, and his substance is increased in the land.

1:11 But put forth thine hand now, and touch all that he hath, and he will curse thee to thy face.

1:12 And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, all that he hath is in thy power; only upon himself put not forth thine hand. So Satan went forth from the presence of the LORD.

1:13 And there was a day when his sons and his daughters were eating and drinking wine in their eldest brother’s house:

1:14 And there came a messenger unto Job, and said, The oxen were plowing, and the asses feeding beside them:

1:15 And the Sabeans fell upon them, and took them away; yea, they have slain the servants with the edge of the sword; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee.

1:16 While he was yet speaking, there came also another, and said, The fire of God is fallen from heaven, and hath burned up the sheep, and the servants, and consumed them; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee.

1:17 While he was yet speaking, there came also another, and said, The Chaldeans made out three bands, and fell upon the camels, and have carried them away, yea, and slain the servants with the edge of the sword; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee.

1:18 While he was yet speaking, there came also another, and said, Thy sons and thy daughters were eating and drinking wine in their eldest brother’s house:

1:19 And, behold, there came a great wind from the wilderness, and smote the four corners of the house, and it fell upon the young men, and they are dead; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee.

1:20 Then Job arose, and rent his mantle, and shaved his head, and fell down upon the ground, and worshipped,

1:21 And said, Naked came I out of my mother’s womb, and naked shall I return thither: the LORD gave, and the LORD hath taken away; blessed be the name of the LORD.

1:22 In all this Job sinned not, nor charged God foolishly.

Job 2:1–13 KJV · In this guide

Context: Job suffers further despite his integrity; three friends come to mourn and comfort and sit with him in silence.

2:1 Again there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan came also among them to present himself before the LORD.

2:2 And the LORD said unto Satan, From whence comest thou? And Satan answered the LORD, and said, From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it.

2:3 And the LORD said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil? and still he holdeth fast his integrity, although thou movedst me against him, to destroy him without cause.

2:4 And Satan answered the LORD, and said, Skin for skin, yea, all that a man hath will he give for his life.

2:5 But put forth thine hand now, and touch his bone and his flesh, and he will curse thee to thy face.

2:6 And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, he is in thine hand; but save his life.

2:7 So went Satan forth from the presence of the LORD, and smote Job with sore boils from the sole of his foot unto his crown.

2:8 And he took him a potsherd to scrape himself withal; and he sat down among the ashes.

2:9 Then said his wife unto him, Dost thou still retain thine integrity? curse God, and die.

2:10 But he said unto her, Thou speakest as one of the foolish women speaketh. What? shall we receive good at the hand of God, and shall we not receive evil? In all this did not Job sin with his lips.

2:11 Now when Job’s three friends heard of all this evil that was come upon him, they came every one from his own place; Eliphaz the Temanite, and Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite: for they had made an appointment together to come to mourn with him and to comfort him.

2:12 And when they lifted up their eyes afar off, and knew him not, they lifted up their voice, and wept; and they rent every one his mantle, and sprinkled dust upon their heads toward heaven.

2:13 So they sat down with him upon the ground seven days and seven nights, and none spake a word unto him: for they saw that his grief was very great.

Speech within wisdom dialogue 1 selections
Job 16:1–6 KJV · In this guide

Context: Job answers Eliphaz by calling the friends’ words miserable comfort and contrasting them with the strengthening speech he would offer.

16:1 Then Job answered and said,

16:2 I have heard many such things: miserable comforters are ye all.

16:3 Shall vain words have an end? or what emboldeneth thee that thou answerest?

16:4 I also could speak as ye do: if your soul were in my soul’s stead, I could heap up words against you, and shake mine head at you.

16:5 But I would strengthen you with my mouth, and the moving of my lips should asswage your grief.

16:6 Though I speak, my grief is not asswaged: and though I forbear, what am I eased?

Wisdom narrative conclusion 1 selections
Job 42:1–9 KJV · In this guide

Context: Job responds humbly to God; the LORD then rebukes the friends and directs them to seek Job’s intercession.

42:1 Then Job answered the LORD, and said,

42:2 I know that thou canst do every thing, and that no thought can be withholden from thee.

42:3 Who is he that hideth counsel without knowledge? therefore have I uttered that I understood not; things too wonderful for me, which I knew not.

42:4 Hear, I beseech thee, and I will speak: I will demand of thee, and declare thou unto me.

42:5 I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear: but now mine eye seeth thee.

42:6 Wherefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes.

42:7 And it was so, that after the LORD had spoken these words unto Job, the LORD said to Eliphaz the Temanite, My wrath is kindled against thee, and against thy two friends: for ye have not spoken of me the thing that is right, as my servant Job hath.

42:8 Therefore take unto you now seven bullocks and seven rams, and go to my servant Job, and offer up for yourselves a burnt offering; and my servant Job shall pray for you: for him will I accept: lest I deal with you after your folly, in that ye have not spoken of me the thing which is right, like my servant Job.

42:9 So Eliphaz the Temanite and Bildad the Shuhite and Zophar the Naamathite went, and did according as the LORD commanded them: the LORD also accepted Job.

Prayer and poetry 4 selections
Psalms 13:1–6 KJV · In this guide

Context: A complete individual lament moves from felt abandonment and enemy pressure to petition, trust, and promised praise.

13:1 How long wilt thou forget me, O LORD? for ever? how long wilt thou hide thy face from me?

13:2 How long shall I take counsel in my soul, having sorrow in my heart daily? how long shall mine enemy be exalted over me?

13:3 Consider and hear me, O LORD my God: lighten mine eyes, lest I sleep the sleep of death;

13:4 Lest mine enemy say, I have prevailed against him; and those that trouble me rejoice when I am moved.

13:5 But I have trusted in thy mercy; my heart shall rejoice in thy salvation.

13:6 I will sing unto the LORD, because he hath dealt bountifully with me.

Psalms 42:1–11 KJV · In this guide

Context: The speaker longs for God, remembers gathered worship, and repeatedly calls his downcast soul to hope amid continuing opposition.

42:1 As the hart panteth after the water brooks, so panteth my soul after thee, O God.

42:2 My soul thirsteth for God, for the living God: when shall I come and appear before God?

42:3 My tears have been my meat day and night, while they continually say unto me, Where is thy God?

42:4 When I remember these things, I pour out my soul in me: for I had gone with the multitude, I went with them to the house of God, with the voice of joy and praise, with a multitude that kept holyday.

42:5 Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted in me? hope thou in God: for I shall yet praise him for the help of his countenance.

42:6 O my God, my soul is cast down within me: therefore will I remember thee from the land of Jordan, and of the Hermonites, from the hill Mizar.

42:7 Deep calleth unto deep at the noise of thy waterspouts: all thy waves and thy billows are gone over me.

42:8 Yet the LORD will command his lovingkindness in the daytime, and in the night his song shall be with me, and my prayer unto the God of my life.

42:9 I will say unto God my rock, Why hast thou forgotten me? why go I mourning because of the oppression of the enemy?

42:10 As with a sword in my bones, mine enemies reproach me; while they say daily unto me, Where is thy God?

42:11 Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted within me? hope thou in God: for I shall yet praise him, who is the health of my countenance, and my God.

Psalms 43:1–5 KJV · In this guide

Context: The prayer asks vindication, light, and truth to lead back to God’s altar and repeats the hope refrain of Psalm 42.

43:1 Judge me, O God, and plead my cause against an ungodly nation: O deliver me from the deceitful and unjust man.

43:2 For thou art the God of my strength: why dost thou cast me off? why go I mourning because of the oppression of the enemy?

43:3 O send out thy light and thy truth: let them lead me; let them bring me unto thy holy hill, and to thy tabernacles.

43:4 Then will I go unto the altar of God, unto God my exceeding joy: yea, upon the harp will I praise thee, O God my God.

43:5 Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted within me? hope in God: for I shall yet praise him, who is the health of my countenance, and my God.

Psalms 88:1–18 KJV · In this guide

Context: A complete prayer addresses the God of salvation while describing threatened death, abandonment, and darkness without a final report of relief.

88:1 O LORD God of my salvation, I have cried day and night before thee:

88:2 Let my prayer come before thee: incline thine ear unto my cry;

88:3 For my soul is full of troubles: and my life draweth nigh unto the grave.

88:4 I am counted with them that go down into the pit: I am as a man that hath no strength:

88:5 Free among the dead, like the slain that lie in the grave, whom thou rememberest no more: and they are cut off from thy hand.

88:6 Thou hast laid me in the lowest pit, in darkness, in the deeps.

88:7 Thy wrath lieth hard upon me, and thou hast afflicted me with all thy waves. Selah.

88:8 Thou hast put away mine acquaintance far from me; thou hast made me an abomination unto them: I am shut up, and I cannot come forth.

88:9 Mine eye mourneth by reason of affliction: LORD, I have called daily upon thee, I have stretched out my hands unto thee.

88:10 Wilt thou shew wonders to the dead? shall the dead arise and praise thee? Selah.

88:11 Shall thy lovingkindness be declared in the grave? or thy faithfulness in destruction?

88:12 Shall thy wonders be known in the dark? and thy righteousness in the land of forgetfulness?

88:13 But unto thee have I cried, O LORD; and in the morning shall my prayer prevent thee.

88:14 LORD, why castest thou off my soul? why hidest thou thy face from me?

88:15 I am afflicted and ready to die from my youth up: while I suffer thy terrors I am distracted.

88:16 Thy fierce wrath goeth over me; thy terrors have cut me off.

88:17 They came round about me daily like water; they compassed me about together.

88:18 Lover and friend hast thou put far from me, and mine acquaintance into darkness.

Trust poetry 1 selections
Psalms 23:1–6 KJV · In this guide

Context: The LORD’s shepherding, presence in the dark valley, provision amid enemies, and enduring goodness sustain the speaker’s trust.

23:1 The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want.

23:2 He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters.

23:3 He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name’s sake.

23:4 Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.

23:5 Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over.

23:6 Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the LORD for ever.

Thanksgiving poetry 1 selections
Psalms 30:1–12 KJV

Context: Thanksgiving for rescue from threatened death remembers distress, supplication, and God’s turning mourning into gladness.

30:1 I will extol thee, O LORD; for thou hast lifted me up, and hast not made my foes to rejoice over me.

30:2 O LORD my God, I cried unto thee, and thou hast healed me.

30:3 O LORD, thou hast brought up my soul from the grave: thou hast kept me alive, that I should not go down to the pit.

30:4 Sing unto the LORD, O ye saints of his, and give thanks at the remembrance of his holiness.

30:5 For his anger endureth but a moment; in his favour is life: weeping may endure for a night, but joy cometh in the morning.

30:6 And in my prosperity I said, I shall never be moved.

30:7 LORD, by thy favour thou hast made my mountain to stand strong: thou didst hide thy face, and I was troubled.

30:8 I cried to thee, O LORD; and unto the LORD I made supplication.

30:9 What profit is there in my blood, when I go down to the pit? Shall the dust praise thee? shall it declare thy truth?

30:10 Hear, O LORD, and have mercy upon me: LORD, be thou my helper.

30:11 Thou hast turned for me my mourning into dancing: thou hast put off my sackcloth, and girded me with gladness;

30:12 To the end that my glory may sing praise to thee, and not be silent. O LORD my God, I will give thanks unto thee for ever.

Thanksgiving and wisdom poetry 1 selections
Psalms 34:1–22 KJV · In this guide

Context: Thanksgiving for deliverance becomes an invitation to reverence, righteous conduct, and trust in the LORD who hears amid many afflictions.

34:1 I will bless the LORD at all times: his praise shall continually be in my mouth.

34:2 My soul shall make her boast in the LORD: the humble shall hear thereof, and be glad.

34:3 O magnify the LORD with me, and let us exalt his name together.

34:4 I sought the LORD, and he heard me, and delivered me from all my fears.

34:5 They looked unto him, and were lightened: and their faces were not ashamed.

34:6 This poor man cried, and the LORD heard him, and saved him out of all his troubles.

34:7 The angel of the LORD encampeth round about them that fear him, and delivereth them.

34:8 O taste and see that the LORD is good: blessed is the man that trusteth in him.

34:9 O fear the LORD, ye his saints: for there is no want to them that fear him.

34:10 The young lions do lack, and suffer hunger: but they that seek the LORD shall not want any good thing.

34:11 Come, ye children, hearken unto me: I will teach you the fear of the LORD.

34:12 What man is he that desireth life, and loveth many days, that he may see good?

34:13 Keep thy tongue from evil, and thy lips from speaking guile.

34:14 Depart from evil, and do good; seek peace, and pursue it.

34:15 The eyes of the LORD are upon the righteous, and his ears are open unto their cry.

34:16 The face of the LORD is against them that do evil, to cut off the remembrance of them from the earth.

34:17 The righteous cry, and the LORD heareth, and delivereth them out of all their troubles.

34:18 The LORD is nigh unto them that are of a broken heart; and saveth such as be of a contrite spirit.

34:19 Many are the afflictions of the righteous: but the LORD delivereth him out of them all.

34:20 He keepeth all his bones: not one of them is broken.

34:21 Evil shall slay the wicked: and they that hate the righteous shall be desolate.

34:22 The LORD redeemeth the soul of his servants: and none of them that trust in him shall be desolate.

Wisdom and poetry 1 selections
Ecclesiastes 3:1–15 KJV · In this guide

Context: A poem of contrasting times leads to reflection on human limits, God’s enduring work, reverence, and receiving daily gifts.

3:1 To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven:

3:2 A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted;

3:3 A time to kill, and a time to heal; a time to break down, and a time to build up;

3:4 A time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance;

3:5 A time to cast away stones, and a time to gather stones together; a time to embrace, and a time to refrain from embracing;

3:6 A time to get, and a time to lose; a time to keep, and a time to cast away;

3:7 A time to rend, and a time to sew; a time to keep silence, and a time to speak;

3:8 A time to love, and a time to hate; a time of war, and a time of peace.

3:9 What profit hath he that worketh in that wherein he laboureth?

3:10 I have seen the travail, which God hath given to the sons of men to be exercised in it.

3:11 He hath made every thing beautiful in his time: also he hath set the world in their heart, so that no man can find out the work that God maketh from the beginning to the end.

3:12 I know that there is no good in them, but for a man to rejoice, and to do good in his life.

3:13 And also that every man should eat and drink, and enjoy the good of all his labour, it is the gift of God.

3:14 I know that, whatsoever God doeth, it shall be for ever: nothing can be put to it, nor any thing taken from it: and God doeth it, that men should fear before him.

3:15 That which hath been is now; and that which is to be hath already been; and God requireth that which is past.

Prophetic poetry 1 selections
Isaiah 25:1–12 KJV · In this guide

Context: Praise for refuge and judgment leads to the promised feast, death’s removal, tears wiped away, and the humiliation of pride.

25:1 O LORD, thou art my God; I will exalt thee, I will praise thy name; for thou hast done wonderful things; thy counsels of old are faithfulness and truth.

25:2 For thou hast made of a city an heap; of a defenced city a ruin: a palace of strangers to be no city; it shall never be built.

25:3 Therefore shall the strong people glorify thee, the city of the terrible nations shall fear thee.

25:4 For thou hast been a strength to the poor, a strength to the needy in his distress, a refuge from the storm, a shadow from the heat, when the blast of the terrible ones is as a storm against the wall.

25:5 Thou shalt bring down the noise of strangers, as the heat in a dry place; even the heat with the shadow of a cloud: the branch of the terrible ones shall be brought low.

25:6 And in this mountain shall the LORD of hosts make unto all people a feast of fat things, a feast of wines on the lees, of fat things full of marrow, of wines on the lees well refined.

25:7 And he will destroy in this mountain the face of the covering cast over all people, and the vail that is spread over all nations.

25:8 He will swallow up death in victory; and the Lord GOD will wipe away tears from off all faces; and the rebuke of his people shall he take away from off all the earth: for the LORD hath spoken it.

25:9 And it shall be said in that day, Lo, this is our God; we have waited for him, and he will save us: this is the LORD; we have waited for him, we will be glad and rejoice in his salvation.

25:10 For in this mountain shall the hand of the LORD rest, and Moab shall be trodden down under him, even as straw is trodden down for the dunghill.

25:11 And he shall spread forth his hands in the midst of them, as he that swimmeth spreadeth forth his hands to swim: and he shall bring down their pride together with the spoils of their hands.

25:12 And the fortress of the high fort of thy walls shall he bring down, lay low, and bring to the ground, even to the dust.

Poetic lament 1 selections
Lamentations 3:1–24 KJV · In this guide

Context: The afflicted speaker describes divine wrath and lost hope, then recalls the LORD’s mercies, faithfulness, and his portion in God.

3:1 I am the man that hath seen affliction by the rod of his wrath.

3:2 He hath led me, and brought me into darkness, but not into light.

3:3 Surely against me is he turned; he turneth his hand against me all the day.

3:4 My flesh and my skin hath he made old; he hath broken my bones.

3:5 He hath builded against me, and compassed me with gall and travail.

3:6 He hath set me in dark places, as they that be dead of old.

3:7 He hath hedged me about, that I cannot get out: he hath made my chain heavy.

3:8 Also when I cry and shout, he shutteth out my prayer.

3:9 He hath inclosed my ways with hewn stone, he hath made my paths crooked.

3:10 He was unto me as a bear lying in wait, and as a lion in secret places.

3:11 He hath turned aside my ways, and pulled me in pieces: he hath made me desolate.

3:12 He hath bent his bow, and set me as a mark for the arrow.

3:13 He hath caused the arrows of his quiver to enter into my reins.

3:14 I was a derision to all my people; and their song all the day.

3:15 He hath filled me with bitterness, he hath made me drunken with wormwood.

3:16 He hath also broken my teeth with gravel stones, he hath covered me with ashes.

3:17 And thou hast removed my soul far off from peace: I forgat prosperity.

3:18 And I said, My strength and my hope is perished from the LORD:

3:19 Remembering mine affliction and my misery, the wormwood and the gall.

3:20 My soul hath them still in remembrance, and is humbled in me.

3:21 This I recall to my mind, therefore have I hope.

3:22 It is of the LORD’s mercies that we are not consumed, because his compassions fail not.

3:23 They are new every morning: great is thy faithfulness.

3:24 The LORD is my portion, saith my soul; therefore will I hope in him.

Poetic wisdom within lament 1 selections
Lamentations 3:25–39 KJV · In this guide

Context: Reflections on waiting, suffering, compassion, injustice, divine rule, and sin continue within Jerusalem’s lament.

3:25 The LORD is good unto them that wait for him, to the soul that seeketh him.

3:26 It is good that a man should both hope and quietly wait for the salvation of the LORD.

3:27 It is good for a man that he bear the yoke in his youth.

3:28 He sitteth alone and keepeth silence, because he hath borne it upon him.

3:29 He putteth his mouth in the dust; if so be there may be hope.

3:30 He giveth his cheek to him that smiteth him: he is filled full with reproach.

3:31 For the Lord will not cast off for ever:

3:32 But though he cause grief, yet will he have compassion according to the multitude of his mercies.

3:33 For he doth not afflict willingly nor grieve the children of men.

3:34 To crush under his feet all the prisoners of the earth,

3:35 To turn aside the right of a man before the face of the most High,

3:36 To subvert a man in his cause, the Lord approveth not.

3:37 Who is he that saith, and it cometh to pass, when the Lord commandeth it not?

3:38 Out of the mouth of the most High proceedeth not evil and good?

3:39 Wherefore doth a living man complain, a man for the punishment of his sins?

Poetic lament and prayer 1 selections
Lamentations 3:40–66 KJV · In this guide

Context: Confession and shared prayer lead into tears, remembered rescue, and an appeal for judgment against enemies.

3:40 Let us search and try our ways, and turn again to the LORD.

3:41 Let us lift up our heart with our hands unto God in the heavens.

3:42 We have transgressed and have rebelled: thou hast not pardoned.

3:43 Thou hast covered with anger, and persecuted us: thou hast slain, thou hast not pitied.

3:44 Thou hast covered thyself with a cloud, that our prayer should not pass through.

3:45 Thou hast made us as the offscouring and refuse in the midst of the people.

3:46 All our enemies have opened their mouths against us.

3:47 Fear and a snare is come upon us, desolation and destruction.

3:48 Mine eye runneth down with rivers of water for the destruction of the daughter of my people.

3:49 Mine eye trickleth down, and ceaseth not, without any intermission,

3:50 Till the LORD look down, and behold from heaven.

3:51 Mine eye affecteth mine heart because of all the daughters of my city.

3:52 Mine enemies chased me sore, like a bird, without cause.

3:53 They have cut off my life in the dungeon, and cast a stone upon me.

3:54 Waters flowed over mine head; then I said, I am cut off.

3:55 I called upon thy name, O LORD, out of the low dungeon.

3:56 Thou hast heard my voice: hide not thine ear at my breathing, at my cry.

3:57 Thou drewest near in the day that I called upon thee: thou saidst, Fear not.

3:58 O Lord, thou hast pleaded the causes of my soul; thou hast redeemed my life.

3:59 O LORD, thou hast seen my wrong: judge thou my cause.

3:60 Thou hast seen all their vengeance and all their imaginations against me.

3:61 Thou hast heard their reproach, O LORD, and all their imaginations against me;

3:62 The lips of those that rose up against me, and their device against me all the day.

3:63 Behold their sitting down, and their rising up; I am their musick.

3:64 Render unto them a recompence, O LORD, according to the work of their hands.

3:65 Give them sorrow of heart, thy curse unto them.

3:66 Persecute and destroy them in anger from under the heavens of the LORD.

Communal lament 1 selections
Lamentations 5:1–22 KJV · In this guide

Context: The community names devastating losses and sin, affirms the LORD’s enduring throne, and asks restoration without receiving a narrated answer.

5:1 Remember, O LORD, what is come upon us: consider, and behold our reproach.

5:2 Our inheritance is turned to strangers, our houses to aliens.

5:3 We are orphans and fatherless, our mothers are as widows.

5:4 We have drunken our water for money; our wood is sold unto us.

5:5 Our necks are under persecution: we labour, and have no rest.

5:6 We have given the hand to the Egyptians, and to the Assyrians, to be satisfied with bread.

5:7 Our fathers have sinned, and are not; and we have borne their iniquities.

5:8 Servants have ruled over us: there is none that doth deliver us out of their hand.

5:9 We gat our bread with the peril of our lives because of the sword of the wilderness.

5:10 Our skin was black like an oven because of the terrible famine.

5:11 They ravished the women in Zion, and the maids in the cities of Judah.

5:12 Princes are hanged up by their hand: the faces of elders were not honoured.

5:13 They took the young men to grind, and the children fell under the wood.

5:14 The elders have ceased from the gate, the young men from their musick.

5:15 The joy of our heart is ceased; our dance is turned into mourning.

5:16 The crown is fallen from our head: woe unto us, that we have sinned!

5:17 For this our heart is faint; for these things our eyes are dim.

5:18 Because of the mountain of Zion, which is desolate, the foxes walk upon it.

5:19 Thou, O LORD, remainest for ever; thy throne from generation to generation.

5:20 Wherefore dost thou forget us for ever, and forsake us so long time?

5:21 Turn thou us unto thee, O LORD, and we shall be turned; renew our days as of old.

5:22 But thou hast utterly rejected us; thou art very wroth against us.

Prophetic sign-act 1 selections
Ezekiel 24:15–27 KJV

Context: Ezekiel receives an exceptional command concerning his wife’s death; his conduct becomes a sign of the coming loss of Jerusalem’s sanctuary and families.

24:15 Also the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,

24:16 Son of man, behold, I take away from thee the desire of thine eyes with a stroke: yet neither shalt thou mourn nor weep, neither shall thy tears run down.

24:17 Forbear to cry, make no mourning for the dead, bind the tire of thine head upon thee, and put on thy shoes upon thy feet, and cover not thy lips, and eat not the bread of men.

24:18 So I spake unto the people in the morning: and at even my wife died; and I did in the morning as I was commanded.

24:19 And the people said unto me, Wilt thou not tell us what these things are to us, that thou doest so?

24:20 Then I answered them, The word of the LORD came unto me, saying,

24:21 Speak unto the house of Israel, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will profane my sanctuary, the excellency of your strength, the desire of your eyes, and that which your soul pitieth; and your sons and your daughters whom ye have left shall fall by the sword.

24:22 And ye shall do as I have done: ye shall not cover your lips, nor eat the bread of men.

24:23 And your tires shall be upon your heads, and your shoes upon your feet: ye shall not mourn nor weep; but ye shall pine away for your iniquities, and mourn one toward another.

24:24 Thus Ezekiel is unto you a sign: according to all that he hath done shall ye do: and when this cometh, ye shall know that I am the Lord GOD.

24:25 Also, thou son of man, shall it not be in the day when I take from them their strength, the joy of their glory, the desire of their eyes, and that whereupon they set their minds, their sons and their daughters,

24:26 That he that escapeth in that day shall come unto thee, to cause thee to hear it with thine ears?

24:27 In that day shall thy mouth be opened to him which is escaped, and thou shalt speak, and be no more dumb: and thou shalt be a sign unto them; and they shall know that I am the LORD.

Kingdom teaching and promise 1 selections
Matthew 5:1–12 KJV · In this guide

Context: Jesus opens his teaching to the disciples with blessings of the kingdom, including comfort for mourners, righteousness, mercy, and faithfulness under persecution.

5:1 And seeing the multitudes, he went up into a mountain: and when he was set, his disciples came unto him:

5:2 And he opened his mouth, and taught them, saying,

5:3 Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

5:4 Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.

5:5 Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.

5:6 Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness: for they shall be filled.

5:7 Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy.

5:8 Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God.

5:9 Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God.

5:10 Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness’ sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

5:11 Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely, for my sake.

5:12 Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven: for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you.

Gospel narrative and particular promise 1 selections
Luke 23:32–43 KJV · In this guide

Context: At the crucifixion, mockery contrasts with one criminal’s confession and request; Jesus promises him paradise.

23:32 And there were also two other, malefactors, led with him to be put to death.

23:33 And when they were come to the place, which is called Calvary, there they crucified him, and the malefactors, one on the right hand, and the other on the left.

23:34 Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do. And they parted his raiment, and cast lots.

23:35 And the people stood beholding. And the rulers also with them derided him, saying, He saved others; let him save himself, if he be Christ, the chosen of God.

23:36 And the soldiers also mocked him, coming to him, and offering him vinegar,

23:37 And saying, If thou be the king of the Jews, save thyself.

23:38 And a superscription also was written over him in letters of Greek, and Latin, and Hebrew, THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS.

23:39 And one of the malefactors which were hanged railed on him, saying, If thou be Christ, save thyself and us.

23:40 But the other answering rebuked him, saying, Dost not thou fear God, seeing thou art in the same condemnation?

23:41 And we indeed justly; for we receive the due reward of our deeds: but this man hath done nothing amiss.

23:42 And he said unto Jesus, Lord, remember me when thou comest into thy kingdom.

23:43 And Jesus said unto him, Verily I say unto thee, To day shalt thou be with me in paradise.

Gospel discourse 1 selections
John 5:19–30 KJV · In this guide

Context: Jesus explains the Son’s unity with the Father in giving life and judging, distinguishing resurrection to life from resurrection to judgment.

5:19 Then answered Jesus and said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, The Son can do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the Father do: for what things soever he doeth, these also doeth the Son likewise.

5:20 For the Father loveth the Son, and sheweth him all things that himself doeth: and he will shew him greater works than these, that ye may marvel.

5:21 For as the Father raiseth up the dead, and quickeneth them; even so the Son quickeneth whom he will.

5:22 For the Father judgeth no man, but hath committed all judgment unto the Son:

5:23 That all men should honour the Son, even as they honour the Father. He that honoureth not the Son honoureth not the Father which hath sent him.

5:24 Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that heareth my word, and believeth on him that sent me, hath everlasting life, and shall not come into condemnation; but is passed from death unto life.

5:25 Verily, verily, I say unto you, The hour is coming, and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God: and they that hear shall live.

5:26 For as the Father hath life in himself; so hath he given to the Son to have life in himself;

5:27 And hath given him authority to execute judgment also, because he is the Son of man.

5:28 Marvel not at this: for the hour is coming, in the which all that are in the graves shall hear his voice,

5:29 And shall come forth; they that have done good, unto the resurrection of life; and they that have done evil, unto the resurrection of damnation.

5:30 I can of mine own self do nothing: as I hear, I judge: and my judgment is just; because I seek not mine own will, but the will of the Father which hath sent me.

Gospel narrative 1 selections
John 11:1–16 KJV · In this guide

Context: Jesus receives news of Lazarus’s illness, delays, and tells the disciples plainly that Lazarus has died before returning to Judea.

11:1 Now a certain man was sick, named Lazarus, of Bethany, the town of Mary and her sister Martha.

11:2 (It was that Mary which anointed the Lord with ointment, and wiped his feet with her hair, whose brother Lazarus was sick.)

11:3 Therefore his sisters sent unto him, saying, Lord, behold, he whom thou lovest is sick.

11:4 When Jesus heard that, he said, This sickness is not unto death, but for the glory of God, that the Son of God might be glorified thereby.

11:5 Now Jesus loved Martha, and her sister, and Lazarus.

11:6 When he had heard therefore that he was sick, he abode two days still in the same place where he was.

11:7 Then after that saith he to his disciples, Let us go into Judæa again.

11:8 His disciples say unto him, Master, the Jews of late sought to stone thee; and goest thou thither again?

11:9 Jesus answered, Are there not twelve hours in the day? If any man walk in the day, he stumbleth not, because he seeth the light of this world.

11:10 But if a man walk in the night, he stumbleth, because there is no light in him.

11:11 These things said he: and after that he saith unto them, Our friend Lazarus sleepeth; but I go, that I may awake him out of sleep.

11:12 Then said his disciples, Lord, if he sleep, he shall do well.

11:13 Howbeit Jesus spake of his death: but they thought that he had spoken of taking of rest in sleep.

11:14 Then said Jesus unto them plainly, Lazarus is dead.

11:15 And I am glad for your sakes that I was not there, to the intent ye may believe; nevertheless let us go unto him.

11:16 Then said Thomas, which is called Didymus, unto his fellowdisciples, Let us also go, that we may die with him.

Gospel narrative and promise 1 selections
John 11:17–37 KJV · In this guide

Context: Martha confesses Jesus as the Christ after his resurrection promise; Mary and other mourners meet him, and he weeps.

11:17 Then when Jesus came, he found that he had lain in the grave four days already.

11:18 Now Bethany was nigh unto Jerusalem, about fifteen furlongs off:

11:19 And many of the Jews came to Martha and Mary, to comfort them concerning their brother.

11:20 Then Martha, as soon as she heard that Jesus was coming, went and met him: but Mary sat still in the house.

11:21 Then said Martha unto Jesus, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my brother had not died.

11:22 But I know, that even now, whatsoever thou wilt ask of God, God will give it thee.

11:23 Jesus saith unto her, Thy brother shall rise again.

11:24 Martha saith unto him, I know that he shall rise again in the resurrection at the last day.

11:25 Jesus said unto her, I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live:

11:26 And whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die. Believest thou this?

11:27 She saith unto him, Yea, Lord: I believe that thou art the Christ, the Son of God, which should come into the world.

11:28 And when she had so said, she went her way, and called Mary her sister secretly, saying, The Master is come, and calleth for thee.

11:29 As soon as she heard that, she arose quickly, and came unto him.

11:30 Now Jesus was not yet come into the town, but was in that place where Martha met him.

11:31 The Jews then which were with her in the house, and comforted her, when they saw Mary, that she rose up hastily and went out, followed her, saying, She goeth unto the grave to weep there.

11:32 Then when Mary was come where Jesus was, and saw him, she fell down at his feet, saying unto him, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my brother had not died.

11:33 When Jesus therefore saw her weeping, and the Jews also weeping which came with her, he groaned in the spirit, and was troubled,

11:34 And said, Where have ye laid him? They said unto him, Lord, come and see.

11:35 Jesus wept.

11:36 Then said the Jews, Behold how he loved him!

11:37 And some of them said, Could not this man, which opened the eyes of the blind, have caused that even this man should not have died?

Gospel sign 1 selections
John 11:38–44 KJV · In this guide

Context: At the tomb, Jesus prays publicly for the hearers’ belief and calls the dead Lazarus out.

11:38 Jesus therefore again groaning in himself cometh to the grave. It was a cave, and a stone lay upon it.

11:39 Jesus said, Take ye away the stone. Martha, the sister of him that was dead, saith unto him, Lord, by this time he stinketh: for he hath been dead four days.

11:40 Jesus saith unto her, Said I not unto thee, that, if thou wouldest believe, thou shouldest see the glory of God?

11:41 Then they took away the stone from the place where the dead was laid. And Jesus lifted up his eyes, and said, Father, I thank thee that thou hast heard me.

11:42 And I knew that thou hearest me always: but because of the people which stand by I said it, that they may believe that thou hast sent me.

11:43 And when he thus had spoken, he cried with a loud voice, Lazarus, come forth.

11:44 And he that was dead came forth, bound hand and foot with graveclothes: and his face was bound about with a napkin. Jesus saith unto them, Loose him, and let him go.

Narrative sign 1 selections
Acts 9:36–43 KJV · In this guide

Context: Tabitha dies, widows mourn and show her garments, Peter prays and raises her, and many believe in the Lord.

9:36 Now there was at Joppa a certain disciple named Tabitha, which by interpretation is called Dorcas: this woman was full of good works and almsdeeds which she did.

9:37 And it came to pass in those days, that she was sick, and died: whom when they had washed, they laid her in an upper chamber.

9:38 And forasmuch as Lydda was nigh to Joppa, and the disciples had heard that Peter was there, they sent unto him two men, desiring him that he would not delay to come to them.

9:39 Then Peter arose and went with them. When he was come, they brought him into the upper chamber: and all the widows stood by him weeping, and shewing the coats and garments which Dorcas made, while she was with them.

9:40 But Peter put them all forth, and kneeled down, and prayed; and turning him to the body said, Tabitha, arise. And she opened her eyes: and when she saw Peter, she sat up.

9:41 And he gave her his hand, and lifted her up, and when he had called the saints and widows, presented her alive.

9:42 And it was known throughout all Joppa; and many believed in the Lord.

9:43 And it came to pass, that he tarried many days in Joppa with one Simon a tanner.

Apostolic teaching 1 selections
Romans 8:18–30 KJV · In this guide

Context: Present suffering and creation’s groaning lead to bodily redemption, the Spirit’s intercession, and God’s purpose for those he calls.

8:18 For I reckon that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed in us.

8:19 For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God.

8:20 For the creature was made subject to vanity, not willingly, but by reason of him who hath subjected the same in hope,

8:21 Because the creature itself also shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God.

8:22 For we know that the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now.

8:23 And not only they, but ourselves also, which have the firstfruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our body.

8:24 For we are saved by hope: but hope that is seen is not hope: for what a man seeth, why doth he yet hope for?

8:25 But if we hope for that we see not, then do we with patience wait for it.

8:26 Likewise the Spirit also helpeth our infirmities: for we know not what we should pray for as we ought: but the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which cannot be uttered.

8:27 And he that searcheth the hearts knoweth what is the mind of the Spirit, because he maketh intercession for the saints according to the will of God.

8:28 And we know that all things work together for good to them that love God, to them who are the called according to his purpose.

8:29 For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren.

8:30 Moreover whom he did predestinate, them he also called: and whom he called, them he also justified: and whom he justified, them he also glorified.

Apostolic assurance 1 selections
Romans 8:31–39 KJV · In this guide

Context: Paul’s assurance rests on God’s gift of his Son, justification, Christ’s intercession, and love that no adversary or death can sever.

8:31 What shall we then say to these things? If God be for us, who can be against us?

8:32 He that spared not his own Son, but delivered him up for us all, how shall he not with him also freely give us all things?

8:33 Who shall lay any thing to the charge of God’s elect? It is God that justifieth.

8:34 Who is he that condemneth? It is Christ that died, yea rather, that is risen again, who is even at the right hand of God, who also maketh intercession for us.

8:35 Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? shall tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword?

8:36 As it is written, For thy sake we are killed all the day long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter.

8:37 Nay, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him that loved us.

8:38 For I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come,

8:39 Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.

Shared Christian duties 4 selections
Romans 12:9–21 KJV · In this guide

Context: Sincere community love includes hope, prayer, practical giving, shared emotions, humility, peace, and doing good under hostility.

12:9 Let love be without dissimulation. Abhor that which is evil; cleave to that which is good.

12:10 Be kindly affectioned one to another with brotherly love; in honour preferring one another;

12:11 Not slothful in business; fervent in spirit; serving the Lord;

12:12 Rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation; continuing instant in prayer;

12:13 Distributing to the necessity of saints; given to hospitality.

12:14 Bless them which persecute you: bless, and curse not.

12:15 Rejoice with them that do rejoice, and weep with them that weep.

12:16 Be of the same mind one toward another. Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate. Be not wise in your own conceits.

12:17 Recompense to no man evil for evil. Provide things honest in the sight of all men.

12:18 If it be possible, as much as lieth in you, live peaceably with all men.

12:19 Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves, but rather give place unto wrath: for it is written, Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord.

12:20 Therefore if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give him drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on his head.

12:21 Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good.

1 Thessalonians 5:12–24 KJV · In this guide

Context: Paul gives community instructions for esteem, peace, different kinds of care, patience, joy, prayer, discernment, and sanctification.

5:12 And we beseech you, brethren, to know them which labour among you, and are over you in the Lord, and admonish you;

5:13 And to esteem them very highly in love for their work’s sake. And be at peace among yourselves.

5:14 Now we exhort you, brethren, warn them that are unruly, comfort the feebleminded, support the weak, be patient toward all men.

5:15 See that none render evil for evil unto any man; but ever follow that which is good, both among yourselves, and to all men.

5:16 Rejoice evermore.

5:17 Pray without ceasing.

5:18 In every thing give thanks: for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus concerning you.

5:19 Quench not the Spirit.

5:20 Despise not prophesyings.

5:21 Prove all things; hold fast that which is good.

5:22 Abstain from all appearance of evil.

5:23 And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly; and I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.

5:24 Faithful is he that calleth you, who also will do it.

James 1:19–27 KJV · In this guide

Context: Hearing and doing the word join restrained speech to active care for orphans and widows in affliction.

1:19 Wherefore, my beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath:

1:20 For the wrath of man worketh not the righteousness of God.

1:21 Wherefore lay apart all filthiness and superfluity of naughtiness, and receive with meekness the engrafted word, which is able to save your souls.

1:22 But be ye doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving your own selves.

1:23 For if any be a hearer of the word, and not a doer, he is like unto a man beholding his natural face in a glass:

1:24 For he beholdeth himself, and goeth his way, and straightway forgetteth what manner of man he was.

1:25 But whoso looketh into the perfect law of liberty, and continueth therein, he being not a forgetful hearer, but a doer of the work, this man shall be blessed in his deed.

1:26 If any man among you seem to be religious, and bridleth not his tongue, but deceiveth his own heart, this man’s religion is vain.

1:27 Pure religion and undefiled before God and the Father is this, To visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction, and to keep himself unspotted from the world.

1 John 3:16–24 KJV · In this guide

Context: Christ’s self-giving grounds material generosity and love in deed; assurance, belief, and obedience continue the argument.

3:16 Hereby perceive we the love of God, because he laid down his life for us: and we ought to lay down our lives for the brethren.

3:17 But whoso hath this world’s good, and seeth his brother have need, and shutteth up his bowels of compassion from him, how dwelleth the love of God in him?

3:18 My little children, let us not love in word, neither in tongue; but in deed and in truth.

3:19 And hereby we know that we are of the truth, and shall assure our hearts before him.

3:20 For if our heart condemn us, God is greater than our heart, and knoweth all things.

3:21 Beloved, if our heart condemn us not, then have we confidence toward God.

3:22 And whatsoever we ask, we receive of him, because we keep his commandments, and do those things that are pleasing in his sight.

3:23 And this is his commandment, That we should believe on the name of his Son Jesus Christ, and love one another, as he gave us commandment.

3:24 And he that keepeth his commandments dwelleth in him, and he in him. And hereby we know that he abideth in us, by the Spirit which he hath given us.

Apostolic gospel testimony 1 selections
1 Corinthians 15:1–11 KJV · In this guide

Context: Paul recalls the received gospel, Christ’s death for sins, burial, resurrection, and appearances to witnesses.

15:1 Moreover, brethren, I declare unto you the gospel which I preached unto you, which also ye have received, and wherein ye stand;

15:2 By which also ye are saved, if ye keep in memory what I preached unto you, unless ye have believed in vain.

15:3 For I delivered unto you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures;

15:4 And that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures:

15:5 And that he was seen of Cephas, then of the twelve:

15:6 After that, he was seen of above five hundred brethren at once; of whom the greater part remain unto this present, but some are fallen asleep.

15:7 After that, he was seen of James; then of all the apostles.

15:8 And last of all he was seen of me also, as of one born out of due time.

15:9 For I am the least of the apostles, that am not meet to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God.

15:10 But by the grace of God I am what I am: and his grace which was bestowed upon me was not in vain; but I laboured more abundantly than they all: yet not I, but the grace of God which was with me.

15:11 Therefore whether it were I or they, so we preach, and so ye believed.

Apostolic argument 1 selections
1 Corinthians 15:12–34 KJV · In this guide

Context: Paul argues against denial of resurrection, identifies Christ as firstfruits, names death as the last enemy, and tests the denial against practice and costly service.

15:12 Now if Christ be preached that he rose from the dead, how say some among you that there is no resurrection of the dead?

15:13 But if there be no resurrection of the dead, then is Christ not risen:

15:14 And if Christ be not risen, then is our preaching vain, and your faith is also vain.

15:15 Yea, and we are found false witnesses of God; because we have testified of God that he raised up Christ: whom he raised not up, if so be that the dead rise not.

15:16 For if the dead rise not, then is not Christ raised:

15:17 And if Christ be not raised, your faith is vain; ye are yet in your sins.

15:18 Then they also which are fallen asleep in Christ are perished.

15:19 If in this life only we have hope in Christ, we are of all men most miserable.

15:20 But now is Christ risen from the dead, and become the firstfruits of them that slept.

15:21 For since by man came death, by man came also the resurrection of the dead.

15:22 For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive.

15:23 But every man in his own order: Christ the firstfruits; afterward they that are Christ’s at his coming.

15:24 Then cometh the end, when he shall have delivered up the kingdom to God, even the Father; when he shall have put down all rule and all authority and power.

15:25 For he must reign, till he hath put all enemies under his feet.

15:26 The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death.

15:27 For he hath put all things under his feet. But when he saith all things are put under him, it is manifest that he is excepted, which did put all things under him.

15:28 And when all things shall be subdued unto him, then shall the Son also himself be subject unto him that put all things under him, that God may be all in all.

15:29 Else what shall they do which are baptized for the dead, if the dead rise not at all? why are they then baptized for the dead?

15:30 And why stand we in jeopardy every hour?

15:31 I protest by your rejoicing which I have in Christ Jesus our Lord, I die daily.

15:32 If after the manner of men I have fought with beasts at Ephesus, what advantageth it me, if the dead rise not? let us eat and drink; for to morrow we die.

15:33 Be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners.

15:34 Awake to righteousness, and sin not; for some have not the knowledge of God: I speak this to your shame.

Apostolic argument and analogy 1 selections
1 Corinthians 15:35–49 KJV · In this guide

Context: Seed and bodily-variety analogies lead to the contrast between mortal Adamic life and the raised body bearing Christ’s image.

15:35 But some man will say, How are the dead raised up? and with what body do they come?

15:36 Thou fool, that which thou sowest is not quickened, except it die:

15:37 And that which thou sowest, thou sowest not that body that shall be, but bare grain, it may chance of wheat, or of some other grain:

15:38 But God giveth it a body as it hath pleased him, and to every seed his own body.

15:39 All flesh is not the same flesh: but there is one kind of flesh of men, another flesh of beasts, another of fishes, and another of birds.

15:40 There are also celestial bodies, and bodies terrestrial: but the glory of the celestial is one, and the glory of the terrestrial is another.

15:41 There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars: for one star differeth from another star in glory.

15:42 So also is the resurrection of the dead. It is sown in corruption; it is raised in incorruption:

15:43 It is sown in dishonour; it is raised in glory: it is sown in weakness; it is raised in power:

15:44 It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body. There is a natural body, and there is a spiritual body.

15:45 And so it is written, The first man Adam was made a living soul; the last Adam was made a quickening spirit.

15:46 Howbeit that was not first which is spiritual, but that which is natural; and afterward that which is spiritual.

15:47 The first man is of the earth, earthy: the second man is the Lord from heaven.

15:48 As is the earthy, such are they also that are earthy: and as is the heavenly, such are they also that are heavenly.

15:49 And as we have borne the image of the earthy, we shall also bear the image of the heavenly.

Apostolic promise and exhortation 1 selections
1 Corinthians 15:50–58 KJV · In this guide

Context: Paul describes the change to immortality, thanks God for victory through Christ, and urges steadfast labor in the Lord.

15:50 Now this I say, brethren, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God; neither doth corruption inherit incorruption.

15:51 Behold, I shew you a mystery; We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed,

15:52 In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed.

15:53 For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality.

15:54 So when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory.

15:55 O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory?

15:56 The sting of death is sin; and the strength of sin is the law.

15:57 But thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ.

15:58 Therefore, my beloved brethren, be ye stedfast, unmoveable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, forasmuch as ye know that your labour is not in vain in the Lord.

Apostolic thanksgiving and testimony 1 selections
2 Corinthians 1:3–11 KJV · In this guide

Context: Paul blesses God for consolation that equips care for others, remembers severe distress and deliverance, and recognizes the church’s prayer.

1:3 Blessed be God, even the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies, and the God of all comfort;

1:4 Who comforteth us in all our tribulation, that we may be able to comfort them which are in any trouble, by the comfort wherewith we ourselves are comforted of God.

1:5 For as the sufferings of Christ abound in us, so our consolation also aboundeth by Christ.

1:6 And whether we be afflicted, it is for your consolation and salvation, which is effectual in the enduring of the same sufferings which we also suffer: or whether we be comforted, it is for your consolation and salvation.

1:7 And our hope of you is stedfast, knowing, that as ye are partakers of the sufferings, so shall ye be also of the consolation.

1:8 For we would not, brethren, have you ignorant of our trouble which came to us in Asia, that we were pressed out of measure, above strength, insomuch that we despaired even of life:

1:9 But we had the sentence of death in ourselves, that we should not trust in ourselves, but in God which raiseth the dead:

1:10 Who delivered us from so great a death, and doth deliver: in whom we trust that he will yet deliver us;

1:11 Ye also helping together by prayer for us, that for the gift bestowed upon us by the means of many persons thanks may be given by many on our behalf.

Apostolic teaching and imagery 1 selections
2 Corinthians 5:1–10 KJV · In this guide

Context: Earthly tent and heavenly clothing images express longing for life, confidence in the Lord, the Spirit’s guarantee, and accountability to Christ.

5:1 For we know that if our earthly house of this tabernacle were dissolved, we have a building of God, an house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens.

5:2 For in this we groan, earnestly desiring to be clothed upon with our house which is from heaven:

5:3 If so be that being clothed we shall not be found naked.

5:4 For we that are in this tabernacle do groan, being burdened: not for that we would be unclothed, but clothed upon, that mortality might be swallowed up of life.

5:5 Now he that hath wrought us for the selfsame thing is God, who also hath given unto us the earnest of the Spirit.

5:6 Therefore we are always confident, knowing that, whilst we are at home in the body, we are absent from the Lord:

5:7 (For we walk by faith, not by sight:)

5:8 We are confident, I say, and willing rather to be absent from the body, and to be present with the Lord.

5:9 Wherefore we labour, that, whether present or absent, we may be accepted of him.

5:10 For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ; that every one may receive the things done in his body, according to that he hath done, whether it be good or bad.

Apostolic testimony 1 selections
Philippians 1:18–26 KJV · In this guide

Context: Paul faces uncertain imprisonment outcomes, desires Christ’s honor in life or death, and values fruitful service to the church.

1:18 What then? notwithstanding, every way, whether in pretence, or in truth, Christ is preached; and I therein do rejoice, yea, and will rejoice.

1:19 For I know that this shall turn to my salvation through your prayer, and the supply of the Spirit of Jesus Christ,

1:20 According to my earnest expectation and my hope, that in nothing I shall be ashamed, but that with all boldness, as always, so now also Christ shall be magnified in my body, whether it be by life, or by death.

1:21 For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain.

1:22 But if I live in the flesh, this is the fruit of my labour: yet what I shall choose I wot not.

1:23 For I am in a strait betwixt two, having a desire to depart, and to be with Christ; which is far better:

1:24 Nevertheless to abide in the flesh is more needful for you.

1:25 And having this confidence, I know that I shall abide and continue with you all for your furtherance and joy of faith;

1:26 That your rejoicing may be more abundant in Jesus Christ for me by my coming to you again.

Apostolic narrative and commendation 1 selections
Philippians 2:25–30 KJV · In this guide

Context: Paul commends Epaphroditus after recovery from near-fatal illness incurred in Christ’s service.

2:25 Yet I supposed it necessary to send to you Epaphroditus, my brother, and companion in labour, and fellowsoldier, but your messenger, and he that ministered to my wants.

2:26 For he longed after you all, and was full of heaviness, because that ye had heard that he had been sick.

2:27 For indeed he was sick nigh unto death: but God had mercy on him; and not on him only, but on me also, lest I should have sorrow upon sorrow.

2:28 I sent him therefore the more carefully, that, when ye see him again, ye may rejoice, and that I may be the less sorrowful.

2:29 Receive him therefore in the Lord with all gladness; and hold such in reputation:

2:30 Because for the work of Christ he was nigh unto death, not regarding his life, to supply your lack of service toward me.

Apostolic consolation 1 selections
1 Thessalonians 4:13–18 KJV · In this guide

Context: Paul comforts believers concerning those who die before Christ’s coming, grounding their future in Jesus’ death and resurrection.

4:13 But I would not have you to be ignorant, brethren, concerning them which are asleep, that ye sorrow not, even as others which have no hope.

4:14 For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with him.

4:15 For this we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we which are alive and remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not prevent them which are asleep.

4:16 For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first:

4:17 Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord.

4:18 Wherefore comfort one another with these words.

Apostolic exhortation 1 selections
1 Thessalonians 5:1–11 KJV · In this guide

Context: The day of the Lord’s unexpected coming calls the community to faith, love, hope, sobriety, and mutual encouragement.

5:1 But of the times and the seasons, brethren, ye have no need that I write unto you.

5:2 For yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night.

5:3 For when they shall say, Peace and safety; then sudden destruction cometh upon them, as travail upon a woman with child; and they shall not escape.

5:4 But ye, brethren, are not in darkness, that that day should overtake you as a thief.

5:5 Ye are all the children of light, and the children of the day: we are not of the night, nor of darkness.

5:6 Therefore let us not sleep, as do others; but let us watch and be sober.

5:7 For they that sleep sleep in the night; and they that be drunken are drunken in the night.

5:8 But let us, who are of the day, be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love; and for an helmet, the hope of salvation.

5:9 For God hath not appointed us to wrath, but to obtain salvation by our Lord Jesus Christ,

5:10 Who died for us, that, whether we wake or sleep, we should live together with him.

5:11 Wherefore comfort yourselves together, and edify one another, even as also ye do.

Argument from Scripture and Christ’s work 1 selections
Hebrews 2:5–18 KJV · In this guide

Context: The world’s subjection is not yet visible, but Jesus’ suffering and glory, shared humanity, death, and priesthood ground his people’s deliverance and help.

2:5 For unto the angels hath he not put in subjection the world to come, whereof we speak.

2:6 But one in a certain place testified, saying, What is man, that thou art mindful of him? or the son of man, that thou visitest him?

2:7 Thou madest him a little lower than the angels; thou crownedst him with glory and honour, and didst set him over the works of thy hands:

2:8 Thou hast put all things in subjection under his feet. For in that he put all in subjection under him, he left nothing that is not put under him. But now we see not yet all things put under him.

2:9 But we see Jesus, who was made a little lower than the angels for the suffering of death, crowned with glory and honour; that he by the grace of God should taste death for every man.

2:10 For it became him, for whom are all things, and by whom are all things, in bringing many sons unto glory, to make the captain of their salvation perfect through sufferings.

2:11 For both he that sanctifieth and they who are sanctified are all of one: for which cause he is not ashamed to call them brethren,

2:12 Saying, I will declare thy name unto my brethren, in the midst of the church will I sing praise unto thee.

2:13 And again, I will put my trust in him. And again, Behold I and the children which God hath given me.

2:14 Forasmuch then as the children are partakers of flesh and blood, he also himself likewise took part of the same; that through death he might destroy him that had the power of death, that is, the devil;

2:15 And deliver them who through fear of death were all their lifetime subject to bondage.

2:16 For verily he took not on him the nature of angels; but he took on him the seed of Abraham.

2:17 Wherefore in all things it behoved him to be made like unto his brethren, that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in things pertaining to God, to make reconciliation for the sins of the people.

2:18 For in that he himself hath suffered being tempted, he is able to succour them that are tempted.

Apocalyptic promise 1 selections
Revelation 21:1–8 KJV · In this guide

Context: The new creation vision announces God’s dwelling, the end of death and pain, free life, inheritance, and judgment.

21:1 And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.

21:2 And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.

21:3 And I heard a great voice out of heaven saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and God himself shall be with them, and be their God.

21:4 And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain: for the former things are passed away.

21:5 And he that sat upon the throne said, Behold, I make all things new. And he said unto me, Write: for these words are true and faithful.

21:6 And he said unto me, It is done. I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end. I will give unto him that is athirst of the fountain of the water of life freely.

21:7 He that overcometh shall inherit all things; and I will be his God, and he shall be my son.

21:8 But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death.

Apocalyptic vision 1 selections
Revelation 22:1–5 KJV · In this guide

Context: The river and tree of life, the throne of God and the Lamb, and the removal of curse and darkness complete the city’s life-giving vision.

22:1 And he shewed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb.

22:2 In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the river, was there the tree of life, which bare twelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit every month: and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.

22:3 And there shall be no more curse: but the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it; and his servants shall serve him:

22:4 And they shall see his face; and his name shall be in their foreheads.

22:5 And there shall be no night there; and they need no candle, neither light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them light: and they shall reign for ever and ever.

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Sources & interpretation

The teaching starts with the cited Scripture. These consulted works inform wording, context, and interpretive questions. No qualified human review has been recorded for this guide.

What do Jesus’ tears establish, and how much of their cause is disclosed?

John explicitly names love, prior knowledge of the raising, the mourners’ tears, Jesus’ troubled emotion, and his weeping. It does not give a single exhaustive explanation of those tears.

  • Myers emphasizes shared sorrow; Langknecht emphasizes misunderstanding; NET discusses indignation and grief over death’s effects.
  • These emphases may overlap, but neither the vocabulary nor the observers’ reaction securely establishes an exclusive inner motive.

VERY_STRONG: Jesus weeps in the encounter despite knowing the raising will occur. STRONG: hope and tears are compatible. PROBABLE: sympathetic grief is part of the scene. Keep the exact mixture of motives open; Acts 8:2 and Philippians 2:27 independently establish faithful sorrow.

Further study: Alicia D. Myers · Henry Langknecht · Biblical Studies Press

Further examination: Which emotions and actions does John actually narrate? How does the prior statement that Jesus loved this family constrain a claim that the observers are wholly mistaken?

Does lament have to reach relief within the prayer?

Psalm 13 reaches trust and praise; Psalms 42–43 repeat hope amid continued distress; Psalm 88 has no concluding relief. Lamentations 3:21–33 voices mercy before renewed lament in 3:40–66 and 5:1–22.

  • Hope may be read as the theological center that guides the surrounding laments, while leaving the continuing pain real.
  • Ellington places weight on the unresolved communal ending; Bouzard treats the hopeful language as an appeal meant to provoke God’s response.

STRONG: retain both the positive confession of mercy and the continuing lament. PROBABLE: trust and appeal can function together without reducing the confession to insincere rhetoric. No fixed emotional sequence follows from the book’s arrangement. No theory of the poem’s voices is needed for that conclusion.

Further study: Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges · Scott Ellington · Walter C. Bouzard

Further examination: What would be lost by ending the reading at Lamentations 3:24? What would be lost by treating the words about compassion as having no positive force?

How does being with Christ relate to future bodily resurrection?

Paul desires departure to be with Christ and expects the believing dead to rise at Christ’s coming. Jesus promises the criminal paradise that day. The sleep metaphor identifies death in context; by itself it does not describe every feature of the interval.

  • Presence with Christ after death followed by bodily resurrection retains both sets of statements.
  • Some readers understand death as unconscious waiting until resurrection; this must explain the departure language and the natural force of today in Luke 23:43.
  • A changed-timeline or resurrection-at-death reading seeks to explain 2 Corinthians 5 but must account for the future shared coming in the other passages.

STRONG: Christ keeps his people through death and will raise them. PROBABLE as a synthesis: conscious presence with Christ before final bodily resurrection. The article states the scriptural assurances without constructing a detailed intermediate-state geography or settling all chronology. Works identifies the tension without resolving it into a full account.

Further study: Carla Works · Carla Works · Biblical Studies Press · Biblical Studies Press

Further examination: What does each passage actually promise, to whom, and when? Which details about the interval are explicit, and which would have to be supplied?

What can be said when a deceased person’s final state has not been revealed?

Second Samuel 12:1–25 records a particular announced judgment, David’s petition while the child lives, the child’s death, and David’s statement that he will go to the child. It does not explicitly name heaven, resurrection, or the condition of every child who dies.

  • David’s words can express hope of personal reunion beyond death.
  • They can also acknowledge that David will join the dead while the child cannot return; the immediate question concerns whether fasting can bring the child back.
  • A complete doctrine of the salvation of infants or people unable to profess faith requires an argument wider than this one narrative.

VERY_STRONG: the narrative does not command other parents to reproduce David’s behavior or explain their losses by his sin. UNCERTAIN here: whether verse 23 alone intends a saved reunion. Do not turn that ambiguity into either a promise or a condemnation concerning all children. Give Christ’s stated promises their full force and entrust unrevealed cases to God’s justice and mercy.

Further study: Biblical Studies Press

Further examination: What question is David answering in verses 21–23? Which claims about the child’s destiny are actually stated, and what further evidence would a broader conclusion need?

Do recorded mourning customs or exceptional commands set a rule for everyone?

Ezekiel 24:15–27 names the prophet’s unusual conduct as a sign of Jerusalem’s impending loss. Deuteronomy 34:8 records thirty days for Moses. Job’s friends sit seven days. Psalm 30 thanks God for experienced deliverance; Ecclesiastes names contrasting seasons.

  • Transferring one command, custom, or poetic image to every mourner yields incompatible universal timelines and practices.
  • Reading each in its stated literary and historical setting preserves the particular sign or experience while allowing the direct shared instruction to govern.

STRONG: Romans 12:15 directly calls Christians to shared weeping; the other passages do not revoke that call. Receive the testimony to God’s deliverance in Psalm 30 without promising a literal next-morning end to grief. Narrative durations describe events and do not measure the faith of a later mourner.

Further examination: What tells you that Ezekiel’s command is exceptional? Where does any selected passage instruct all mourners to complete sorrow in a particular number of days?

  1. Commentary on John 11:32–44

    Alicia D. Myers · Working Preacher, Luther Seminary · 2024-11-03

    Reads Jesus’ tears as participation in the family’s sorrow and treats the sign as testimony to his divine mission.

    What was reviewed

    Complete article body, from the narrative introduction through the final paragraph on grief; particularly the discussion of 11:33–38 and the prayer in 11:41–42. Accessed 2026-09-25.

    A preaching commentary. The article itself distinguishes narrated emotion from inferred emotions; the guide makes no exclusive claim about the cause of Jesus’ tears.

  2. Commentary on John 11:32–44

    Henry Langknecht · Working Preacher, Luther Seminary · 2009-11-01

    Offers the competing view that Jesus weeps over failure to understand him.

    What was reviewed

    Complete article body, especially the paragraphs interpreting 11:32–39 through Johannine misunderstanding. Accessed 2026-09-25.

    The claim that observers’ misunderstanding rules out grief is stronger than the narrated evidence. Modern illustrations and the proposed exclusive motive are not adopted.

  3. NET Bible: John 11 translator and study notes

    Biblical Studies Press · NET Bible, legacy online edition

    Clarifies death as sleep; compares indignation, grief at death’s effects, and other explanations of Jesus’ emotion.

    What was reviewed

    Notes 9, 22, 35, 38–40, 44–52, 62–69, 73, 79 and 87–90, including the notes on death as sleep, Martha, strong emotion, tears, and the raising. Accessed 2026-09-25 · Read in part.

    Partial chapter notes only. Morris, Fanning, lexicons, and rabbinic works mentioned there were not independently read; a conjectured four-day belief is not used.

  4. Psalm 88: introduction and commentary

    Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges · Cambridge Bible, online transcription hosted by Bible Hub

    Observes the unrelieved ending while recognizing the speaker’s continuing appeal to God.

    What was reviewed

    Introduction, outline, and commentary on verses 1–8 in the online transcription. Accessed 2026-09-25 · Read in part.

    Historical commentary, partial access; original print edition not inspected. Proposed leprosy, specific identity, and broad claims about ancient beliefs are not adopted.

  5. De-Centering Lamentations: A Crisis of Hope, of Memory, and of Continued Presence

    Scott Ellington · Old Testament Essays 31/3, pp. 494–505 · 2018

    Argues that chapter 3 does not resolve the book and emphasizes the movement toward the community’s still-open appeal in chapter 5.

    What was reviewed

    Complete HTML article: sections A, A Tale to Tell; B, Change Comes in the End; C, This I Call to Mind; D, No Longer Alone, and its notes. Accessed 2026-09-25.

    His full narrative reconstruction and claims about divine memory are not required by this guide. Books he cites were not independently read.

  6. Commentary on Lamentations 3:22–33

    Walter C. Bouzard · Working Preacher, Luther Seminary · 2015-06-28

    Tests a simple resolution reading by arguing that conventional hope language appeals to God’s own character for action.

    What was reviewed

    Complete commentary and notes 1–8; especially the proposed rhetorical function of 3:22–39 and the renewed lament afterward. Accessed 2026-09-25.

    The exclusive coercion reading and his denial of a pedagogical function are not adopted. The fuller book chapter and works quoted in his notes were not read.

  7. Commentary on 1 Thessalonians 4:13–18

    Karoline Lewis · Working Preacher, Luther Seminary · 2008-11-09

    Emphasizes Christ’s resurrection as the basis for grief with hope and the community’s continuing responsibility to console.

    What was reviewed

    Complete commentary body, particularly 4:13–14 on grief and hope, 4:15–17 on the gathered community, and 4:18 on comfort. Accessed 2026-09-25.

    The statement that 4:13 establishes the information was already known is not inferred from that verse. No detailed end-time chronology is adopted.

  8. NET Bible: 1 Thessalonians 4–5, selected translation and notes

    Biblical Studies Press · NET Bible, legacy online edition

    Clarifies the sleep metaphor and translates the people needing comfort in 5:14 as discouraged; records alternatives for sleep in 5:10.

    What was reviewed

    Chapter 4 notes 14–22; chapter 5 notes 1–16 at https://bible.org/sites/bible.org/resources/netbible/1th5_notes.htm; chapter 5 translation at https://bible.org/sites/bible.org/resources/netbible/1th5.htm, especially 5:14. Accessed 2026-09-25 · Read in part.

    Legacy web apparatus, partial book access. It is a comparison resource; the displayed Bible remains the pinned KJV.

  9. Commentary on 1 Corinthians 15:35–38, 42–50

    Carla Works · Working Preacher, Luther Seminary · 2019-02-24

    Explains resurrection as transformation of embodied life rather than merely recovery of a mortal corpse.

    What was reviewed

    Complete commentary body and its two notes; especially the paired contrasts, Adam and Christ, and bodily transformation. Accessed 2026-09-25.

    Speculations about fiery bodily substance and broad historical or demographic claims are not used. Gaventa and Martin are cited by Works but were not independently read.

  10. Commentary on 2 Corinthians 5:6–10 [11–13] 14–17

    Carla Works · Working Preacher, Luther Seminary · 2012-06-17

    Identifies the interpretive tension between immediate presence with the Lord and future bodily resurrection.

    What was reviewed

    Complete article, including Away from the Body, At Home with the Lord, and New Creation. Accessed 2026-09-25.

    The guide does not adopt her categorical claim about Paul and soul immortality or treat a change in Paul’s view as established.

  11. NET Bible: Luke 23:39–43 notes

    Biblical Studies Press · NET Bible, legacy online edition

    Reads the request as faith and the promise as blessing that day, with paradise referring here to the righteous dead.

    What was reviewed

    Notes 92–104 on the criminals’ exchange, the request, textual alternatives in verse 42, today, and paradise; surrounding notes 81–91 also inspected. Accessed 2026-09-25 · Read in part.

    Partial chapter notes, no independent manuscript collation. Details about other occurrences of paradise are not made the basis of a comprehensive afterlife map.